Infectious Disease and Contaminants in Urban Wildlife: Unseen and Often Overlooked Threats

Riley, Seth P. D.; Serieys, Laurel E. K.; Moriarty, Joanne Gale

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7500-3_10

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 179 publications

(187 reference statements)

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“…), and complete extirpation of bobcats occurred in some N101 habitat patches (Riley et al. ). Further, scat surveys conducted on transects in the N101 region revealed a decline of approximately 90% of bobcat scat collected in 2001 compared with 2005 (Riley et al.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From 2002 to 2005, an epizootic of notoedric mange associated with secondary anticoagulant rodenticide exposure occurred primarily north of the 101 Freeway, causing a sharp population decline during the latter half of the epizootic (Riley et al 2007). At the peak of the mange epizootic, the annual survival rate declined from >75% to <30% (Riley et al 2007), and complete extirpation of bobcats occurred in some N101 habitat patches (Riley et al 2014). Further, scat surveys conducted on transects in the N101 region revealed a decline of approximately 90% of bobcat scat collected in 2001 compared with 2005 (Riley et al 2007;NPS unpublished data), providing additional support that the N101 population suffered an extreme population reduction.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disease and freeways drive genetic change in urban bobcat populations

Serieys

Lea

Pollinger

et al. 2014

Evolutionary Applications

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Urbanization profoundly impacts animal populations by causing isolation, increased susceptibility to disease, and exposure to toxicants. Genetic effects include reduced effective population size, increased population substructure, and decreased adaptive potential. We investigated the influence that urbanization and a disease epizootic had on the population genetics of bobcats (Lynx rufus) distributed across a highly fragmented urban landscape. We genotyped more than 300 bobcats, sampled from 1996 to 2012, for variation at nine neutral and seven immune gene-linked microsatellite loci. We found that two freeways are significant barriers to gene flow. Further, a 3-year disease epizootic, associated with secondary anticoagulant rodenticide exposure, caused a population bottleneck that led to significant genetic differentiation between pre- and post-disease populations that was greater than that between populations separated by major freeways for >60 years. However, balancing selection acted on immune-linked loci during the epizootic, maintaining variation at functional regions. Conservation assessments need to assay loci that are potentially under selection to better preserve the adaptive potential of populations at the urban–wildland interface. Further, interconnected regions that contain appropriate habitat for wildlife will be critical to the long-term viability of animal populations in urban landscapes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease and freeways drive genetic change in urban bobcat populations

Serieys

Lea

Pollinger

et al. 2014

Evolutionary Applications

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“…Increased rodent species richness and abundance may permit the presence of greater pathogen diversity [86,149,150] because different rodents harbor different pathogens, though some species can be co-infected with multiple pathogens including Leptospira, Babesia and Hantaviruses [150]. Because rodent-associated pathogens are generally spread by direct contact, inhalation and ingestion of rodent saliva, urine and feces [151], exposure risk can increase with the abundance and density of infected rodents, particularly when human-wildlife interfaces favor greater contact [152].…”

Section: Abandonment and Exposure Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For hosts like rodents and mosquitos, vital resources (i.e., food, water, shelter, breeding sites) are more likely to be aggregated in abandoned areas than in surrounding urban or natural landscapes. Clumping of resources can elevate contact rates between pathogen vectors, promoting disease transmission [151,153]. A manipulation experiment involving raccoons illustrated that resource clumping resulted in greater contact rates, and that greater contact rates are associated with greater prevalence of endoparasites [135,140,154].…”

Section: Abandonment and Exposure Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abandonment, Ecological Assembly and Public Health Risks in Counter-Urbanizing Cities

et al. 2016

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Urban landscapes can be transformed by widespread abandonment from population and economic decline. Ecological assembly, sometimes referred to as "greening", following abandonment can yield valuable ecosystem services, but also can pose a risk to public health. Abandonment can elevate zoonotic vector-borne disease risk by favoring the hyperabundance of commensal pests and pathogen vectors. Though greater biodiversity in abandoned areas can potentially dilute vector-borne pathogen transmission, "greening" can elevate transmission risk by increasing movement of pathogen vectors between fragmented areas and by giving rise to novel human-wildlife interfaces. Idled and derelict infrastructure can further elevate disease risk from vector-borne and water-borne pathogens, which can build up in stagnant and unprotected water that maintenance and routine use of delivery or sanitation systems would otherwise eliminate. Thus, framing "greening" as inherently positive could result in policies and actions that unintentionally exacerbate inequalities by elevating risks rather than delivering benefits. As counter-urbanism is neither a minor pattern of urban development, nor a short-term departure from urban growth, homeowner and municipal management of abandoned areas should account for potential hazards to reduce health risks. Further socioecological assessments of public health risks following abandonment could better ensure the resilience and well-being of communities in shrinking cities.

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“…However, previous research repeatedly found mortality from notoedric mange (caused by the mite Notoedris cati ) to be associated with the level of ARs (Riley et al., ; Serieys, Armenta et al., ), suggesting the potential for sublethal effects of ARs on the ability of bobcats to resist mange mite infection. Mange was the primary source of mortality in the bobcat population from 2002 to 2008 (Riley, Serieys, & Moriarty, ; Riley et al., ), which resulted in a genetic bottleneck (Serieys, Lea et al., ). Notoedric mange had never previously been known to have such severe demographic impacts on any wild felid population, and typically only affected a few individuals that were likely already unhealthy (Pence, Matthews, & Windberg, ; Pence, Tewes, Shindle, & Dunn, ; Penner & Parke, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome‐wide expression reveals multiple systemic effects associated with detection of anticoagulant poisons in bobcats (Lynx rufus)

et al. 2018

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Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are indiscriminate toxicants that threaten nontarget predatory and scavenger species through secondary poisoning. Accumulating evidence suggests that AR exposure may have disruptive sublethal consequences on individuals that can affect fitness. We evaluated AR-related effects on genome-wide expression patterns in a population of bobcats in southern California. We identify differential expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress response, epithelial integrity and both adaptive and innate immune function. Further, we find that differential expression of immune-related genes may be attributable to AR-related effects on leucocyte differentiation. Collectively, our results provide an unprecedented understanding of the sublethal effects of AR exposure on a wild carnivore. These findings highlight potential detrimental effects of ARs on a wide variety of species worldwide that may consume poisoned rodents and indicate the need to investigate gene expression effects of other toxicants added to natural environments by humans.

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Infectious Disease and Contaminants in Urban Wildlife: Unseen and Often Overlooked Threats

Cited by 12 publications

References 179 publications

Disease and freeways drive genetic change in urban bobcat populations

Disease and freeways drive genetic change in urban bobcat populations

Abandonment, Ecological Assembly and Public Health Risks in Counter-Urbanizing Cities

Genome‐wide expression reveals multiple systemic effects associated with detection of anticoagulant poisons in bobcats (Lynx rufus)

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