Infectious disease control: from health security strengthening to health systems improvement at global level

Abstract

Since the twenty first century, the outbreaks of global infectious diseases have caused several public health emergencies of international concern, imposing an enormous impact on population health, the economy, and social development. The COVID-19 pandemic has once again exposed deficiencies in existing global health systems, emergency management, and disease surveillance, and highlighted the importance of developing effective evaluation tools. This article outlines current challenges emerging from infectious disease control from the perspective of global health, elucidated through influenza, malaria, tuberculosis, and neglected tropical diseases. The discordance among government actors and absent data sharing platforms or tools has led to unfulfilled targets in health system resilience and a capacity gap in infectious disease response. The current situation calls for urgent action to tackle these threats of global infectious diseases with joined forces through more in-depth international cooperation and breaking governance barriers from the purview of global health. Overall, a systematic redesign should be considered to enhance the resilience of health systems, which warrants a great need to sustain capacity-building efforts in emergency preparedness and response and raises an emerging concern of data integration in the concept of One Health that aims to address shared health threats at the human-animal-environment interface.

How far has the globe gone in achieving One Health? Current evidence and policy implications based on global One Health index

“…Fifthly, it is recommended to establish a cross-sectoral, high-level database based on comprehensive surveillance systems [ 24 ]. For example, as the threat of hepatitis E grew in China, the Chinese government launched a surveillance system in 2001, which has evolved over time to provide valid data for the One Heath study [ 7 ]. The deficiencies in the progress of monitoring systems for the environment should be addressed [ 25 ].…”

“…After several public health threats, especially the COVID-19 pandemic, international cooperation in tackling emerging infectious diseases has become more important [ 7 ]. For decades, tripartite organizations have collaborated to address health risks at the human-animal-environment interface [ 8 ].…”

Antimicrobial Action Mechanisms of Natural Compounds Isolated from Endophytic Microorganisms

“…Infectious diseases remain one of the leading global health concerns [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. In 2019, 13.66 million people died globally because of infection-related causes.…”

Climate change, its impact on emerging infectious diseases and new technologies to combat the challenge

“…New rapid point-of-care (POC) diagnostics and vaccine development methods may attenuate the spread of future EID outbreaks if applied in conjunction with effective disease prevention and control methods. However, EIDs remain a major health concern and can still cause high mortality despite these new capabilities and increased access to improved sanitation, hygiene and medical care [ 5 ], due in part to increased exposure of naïve populations to EID pathogens due to population expansions and migrations associated with climate change.

Figure 1.

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