“…The high tolerance of antibiotics from these microorganisms has led to the overuse and inevitable development of resistance to these treatments. 3,7 To counter these limitations, research has been directed toward developing antimicrobial biomaterials that can resist bacterial infections without systemic antibiotics. These strategies include the incorporation of active biocidal molecules, such as silver nanoparticles, 8,9 antimicrobial peptides, 10,11 antibiotics, 12,13 nitric oxide (NO), 11,14,15 bacteriophages, 16,17 and surface modifications, such as altered surface wettability 18,19 and texturing.…”