Infectious Diseases in Donkeys and Mules: An Overview and Update

Barrandeguy, María Eugenia; Carossino, Mariano

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.026

Cited by 34 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Jennies relocated to a long-term holding facility and co-mingled with donkeys from multiple locations showed an increase in AHV-2 and Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Equine herpesviruses (EHVs) can affect all members from the Equidae family by establishing acute [36] and latent infections [37]; hence, transmission does not face any totally effective preventive interspecific barrier. Over an animal's lifetime, latent herpes infections can reoccur or new acute infections can occur [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of Serum Amyloid A and Bacterial and Viral Frequency Using qPCR Levels in Recently Captured Feral Donkeys from Death Valley National Park (California)

Jerele

Davis

Mapes

et al. 2020

Animals

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Feral donkey removal from state land has raised concerns in terms of disease transmission between equine species. Disease outbreaks may occur as a result of the relocation of animals to new environments. Virus and bacteria DNA load and serum amyloid A derived from the pathogenic processes that they involve were measured in recently captured donkeys. Blood and nasal swabs were collected from 85 donkeys (Death Valley National Park, Shoshone, California); 24 were retested after 30/60 days in the Scenic (Arizona) long-term holding facility co-mingled with feral donkeys from Arizona and Utah. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR) was performed to detect viral and bacterial genomic material (equine influenza A [EIV], equine rhinitis A and B viruses, AHV-2, AHV-3, AHV-5 and EHV-1, EHV-4, Streptococcus equi subspecies equi and zooepidemicus,). Significant relations between behavior, body condition score, nasal discharge, and coughing were found in donkeys for which AHV-2 and Streptococcus zooepidemicus DNA was detected. Higher SAA concentrations were found in foals. AHV-2 and Streptococcus zooepidemicus DNA concentrations significantly differed between sampling moments (p < 0.05). In conclusion, donkeys do not appear to be a substantial risk for disease transmission to horses but could be if they carried strangles or other processes in which AHV-2 and Streptococcus zooepidemicus were involved.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of Serum Amyloid A and Bacterial and Viral Frequency Using qPCR Levels in Recently Captured Feral Donkeys from Death Valley National Park (California)

Jerele

Davis

Mapes

et al. 2020

Animals

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“…EHV-1 can affect all members of the Equidae family, including donkeys. Infection with EHV-1 can manifest as a range of clinical presentations, from mild respiratory illness, to neurologic sequelae that can be fatal, and EHV-1 infection of pregnant mares during gestation can lead to late-term abortion [ 9 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. EHV-1 typically results in a latent infection with subsequent re-activation and associated clinical disease and viral shedding during periods of stress, such as traveling and co-mingling [ 9 , 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EIV infection in horses typically causes acute febrile respiratory disease, which can frequently be complicated by secondary bacterial infection, especially in unvaccinated animals [ 26 ]. EIV infection in donkeys can cause pyrexia, cough, nasal discharge, and lethargy, similar to the signs seen in infected horses [ 24 ]. However, donkeys appear to be more susceptible than horses to infection with EIV and to developing more severe clinical disease, including secondary bronchopneumonia [ 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pilot Serosurvey for Selected Pathogens in Feral Donkeys (Equus asinus)

Goodrich

McLean

Guarino

2020

Animals

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Recent removal and relocation of feral donkeys from vast public lands to more concentrated holding pens, training facilities, and offsite adoption locations raises several health and welfare concerns. Very little is known regarding the common equid pathogens that are circulating within the feral donkey population in and around Death Valley National Park, California, USA. The aim of this study was to utilize serologic assays to assess previous exposure of these donkeys to equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), equine influenza (EIV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Borrelia burgdorferi (the causative agent of Lyme disease). The results of this study indicate that this feral equid population is mostly naïve and likely susceptible to these common equid pathogens upon removal from the wild.

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“…While some literature exists regarding the use of antibiotics by, and prescribing patterns for, dairy, poultry and other livestock sectors [11,12], no research has so far examined that dispensed to equine owners and more specifically, donkey and mule owners. With a global population of over 110 million equines, 48 per cent of which are donkeys or mules used primarily as working animals and therefore of considerable importance to many local communities, disease awareness of these species as a whole has been limited [13], especially with regards to antimicrobial resistance and its related drivers. Where equine disease is considered in research literature, studies tend to focus on horses as opposed to donkeys or mules, as they are associated with higher value pursuits, such as entertainment and competition.…”

Section: Antimicrobial Resistance and Equinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Prescription, No Problem! A Mixed-Methods Study of Antimicrobial Stewardship Relating to Working Equines in Drug Retail Outlets of Northern India

Nye

Watson²,

Kubasiewicz³

et al. 2020

Antibiotics

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Multidrug resistance (MDR) is already occurring among some equids in India. Donkeys and mules are a mobile species moving between regions and international borders, often populating areas of India where private community pharmacies, or medical stores, are the primary healthcare provider for both humans and animals. This article highlights how the capacities of drug retail outlet workers might affect their antibiotic dispensing practices, particularly in relation to donkeys and mules, in order to consider how this might impact the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on a wider scale. A mixed-methods approach was implemented using patient simulation method (n = 28), semi-structured interviews (SSIs) (n = 23), focus group discussions (FGDs) with veterinary practitioners and non-governmental organisation animal health workers (n = 2 FGDs), and participant observation. Fewer than 48 per cent of drug retail outlet workers admitted to having had any formal training in pharmaceuticals at all, while 78 per cent reported having no formal training in animal-related pharmaceuticals. Moreover, 35 per cent of all participants sold antibiotics without a prescription, unprompted and without specifically being asked for antibiotics. Of the antibiotics dispensed, only 21 per cent were correctly dispensed for the symptoms presented, and all dosages dispensed were incorrect (underdosed). Furthermore, 43 per cent of drug retail outlet workers interviewed believe that some antibiotics can be legally dispensed without a prescription. Equine owners in northern India are frequently being sold antibiotics without a prescription and, in most cases, with incorrect diagnoses, treatment choice, and dosage. A substantial gap in capacities exists amongst Drug Retail Outlet (DRO) workers, with few being sufficiently qualified or trained to dispense antibiotics to animal owners. The study highlights the need for further training of private DRO workers as well as knowledge extension and awareness training for both DRO workers and animal owners regarding antimicrobial resistance and its potential impact upon livelihoods. It also illustrates the need to identify a balance whereby greater enforcement of regulation at all levels is implemented, while at the same time maintaining sufficient access to medicine for rural populations.

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Infectious Diseases in Donkeys and Mules: An Overview and Update

Cited by 34 publications

References 67 publications

Survey of Serum Amyloid A and Bacterial and Viral Frequency Using qPCR Levels in Recently Captured Feral Donkeys from Death Valley National Park (California)

Survey of Serum Amyloid A and Bacterial and Viral Frequency Using qPCR Levels in Recently Captured Feral Donkeys from Death Valley National Park (California)

A Pilot Serosurvey for Selected Pathogens in Feral Donkeys (Equus asinus)

No Prescription, No Problem! A Mixed-Methods Study of Antimicrobial Stewardship Relating to Working Equines in Drug Retail Outlets of Northern India

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