Infectious diseases in the aftermath of monsoon flooding in Pakistan

Baqir, Muhammad; Sobani, Zain A.; Bhamani, Amyn; Bham, Nida Shahab; Abid, Sidra; Farook, Javeria; Beg, Mohammad Asim

doi:10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60194-9

Cited by 88 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Which were then classified into acute and sub-acute settings? Diarrhea, skin & eye infections and leptospirosis were identified in the acute settings while malaria, leishmaniasis, respiratory infections and hepatitis were identified in the sub-acute settings [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Agents Responsible for Diarrheal Infections in Flood Victims: A Study from Karachi, Pakistan

Hakim¹,

Afaque²,

Javed³

et al. 2014

OJMM

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The present study was aimed to determine the frequency of water borne diarrheal infections and gastroenteritis in two of the flood affected camps of Karachi and nearby areas. Each year approximately, 579,732 people are adversely affected by this phenomenon, putting Pakistan 9th in terms of flood-affected countries worldwide. Patients and Methods: All patients suffering from diarrhea (more than 3 stools per day for the last 2 days), abdominal pain, vomiting or fever who were residing in the camps were included in the study. After taking consent, a fresh stool sample for D/R and C/S, and 5 ml of venous blood sample for CP and ALT and other viral markers were collected from each patient suffering from any of the symptoms like jaundice, diarrhea, vomiting, fever and abdominal pain during past 2 -3 days. Direct microscopy of the stools was done to see any protozoal or bacterial infection. Culture of stool was also set up simultaneously. Hemoglobin % age was noted for each patient. Serology of Hepatitis E and A virus using ELISA (Anti HEV-IgM, and anti HAV IgM) was done in those with more than 2 times raised ALT level. Results: A total of 500 samples collected from refugee camps of flood affected areas near Karachi were included in this study. All patients were mal nourished, having below normal Hb% ages, and were suspected cases or patients of diarrhea with elevated ALT (Alanine Transaminase) values. Occult blood was found positive in 40% (200) specimens; protozoa were also seen i.e., trophozoit stage of Giardia lamblia in 45% (225) of specimens; Entamoeba coli in 95% (475) and Balantidium coli in 20% (100) of stool specimens, while cyst forms of Entamoeba histolytica were present in 35% (175) specimens. Bacteriological analysis showed high bacterial prevalence of E. coli with 63% (315), followed by Enterobacter specie with 55% (275), then 20% (100) and 12% (60) of Klebseilla oxytoca and Klebseilla S. T. Hakim et al. 107pneumoniae respectively. Proteus vulgaris and Citrobacter freundii found in the same ratio of 8% (40, 39) with 2% (10) specimens of no microbial growth. Overall <0.05 P value and 95% of confidence interval level was observed. Further serological evidences for water associated viral hepatitis revealed 4% (20) positive specimens for anti-HEV IgM antibodies, and 2.6% (13) positive specimens of anti-HAV IgM antibodies. Conclusion: The present study reveals the presence of HEV and HAV associated viral diarrhea along with the presence of protozoal and bacterial infections in the flood relief camps. It is suggested that there is a strong need of natural disaster associated awareness program for general population in order to minimize the mortality and morbidity ratio associated with diseases, which can be easily controlled by managing proper sanitary conditions and supply of safe and clear water.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Agents Responsible for Diarrheal Infections in Flood Victims: A Study from Karachi, Pakistan

Hakim¹,

Afaque²,

Javed³

et al. 2014

OJMM

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“…Dermatitis infecciosa (escabiosis, tifus exantemático, infecciones bacterianas y micóticas de la piel) 1,2,5,6 , así como enfermedades transmitidas por el agua y alimentos 1,2,5 . Disminución de la disponibilidad de agua que provoca su almacenamiento inadecuado en viviendas, ambiente propicio para la formación de criaderos de Aedes aegypti.…”

Section: Afectación De Viviendas áReas Agrícolas Y Servicios Básicosunclassified

“…Luego, después de secarse los aniegos y por las continuas acciones de remoción de escombros se contamina el aire cargándolo de partículas de polvo proveniente de lodo mezclado con aguas contaminadas. Dermatitis 3,21 y conjuntivitis viral 1,5 .…”

Section: Alteración De La Temperatura Ambientalunclassified

Potential Sanitary Impact of “The Niño” Phenomenon in Peru

Chapilliquen-Alban¹,

Oyola-García²

2018

RFMH

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El fenómeno de El Niño se define por el calentamiento anormal del Océano Pacífico y el aumento de la temperatura ambiental debido a varios factores atmosféricos y oceánicos que interactúan entre sí. Su presencia tiene impacto nacional y mundial por los importantes efectos en la economía así como en la salud de la población 1,2,3,4 .El impacto sanitario estará mediado por importantes cambios en el entorno y medio ambiente, los mismos que están determinados por: el grado de afectación de viviendas, áreas agrícolas y servicios básicos; por la alteración de la temperatura ambiental y del mar; así como por la presencia de grandes masas de agua y contaminación del ambiente. Estas tres condiciones influirán decisivamente en el riesgo de enfermedades después de este evento adverso tal como se describe en la Tabla 1: Journal home page: http://revistas.urp.edu.pe/index.php/RFMH © Los autores. Este artículo es publicado por la Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Ricardo Palma. Este es un artículo de Open Access distribuido bajo los términos de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), que permite el uso no comercial, distribución y reproducción en cualquier medio, siempre que la obra original sea debidamente citadas. Para uso comercial, por favor póngase en contacto con revista.medicina@urp.pe CAMBIOS EN EL ENTORNO Y MEDIO AMBIENTE IMPACTO SANITARIO Afectación de viviendas, áreas agrícolas y servicios básicosDestrucción de viviendas que obliga dormir en la intemperie, frecuentemente sin protección adecuada, ubicados en condiciones de hacinamiento, aire contaminado por los desechos, remoción de escombros.

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“…11,12 Even when major flood or tsunami events occurred in vulnerable areas, epidemics, such as the one described by Christophers in 1908, did not occur, suggesting that such disasters are not the main triggering event for malaria epidemics. [13][14][15] CEYLON 1934-1935 EPIDEMIC Analogous malaria epidemics to those seen in the Punjab were studied in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) by C. A. Gill 16 after a massive lethal epidemic in 1934-1935. Over 7 months, it is estimated that 80,000 excess deaths occurred from a population of 5.3 million 16,17 ( Figure 2).…”

Section: Punjab 1908 Epidemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothesis: Dynamics of Classical Malaria Epidemics Show Plasmodium falciparum's Survival Strategy

Shanks¹

2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Areas of marginal transmission can generate enormous lethal falciparum malaria epidemics when factors favoring the parasite shift only slightly. Although usually described in terms of vectorial capacity, medical scientists working in India in the early 20th century came to the conclusion that "an epidemic of relapses" was the key triggering event of malaria epidemics. This explanation has been largely discarded, because the biology of Plasmodium falciparum recrudescence has since been differentiated from P. vivax relapse. Using data from the Punjab in 1908 and Ceylon in 1934-1935, the genesis of malaria epidemics has been re-examined to inform current control efforts. The epidemics were focused geographically depending on recent rainfall or drought. Epidemics arose very suddenly and simultaneously in several places. Malaria spleen surveys indicated very little recent malaria transmission, and blood smears showed very few gametocytes just before the epidemic. Population stress as indicated by high grain prices because of a poor harvest caused by drought the previous year was a risk factor for malaria epidemics. Although increased female Anopheline survival because of increased humidity played an important part in the magnification of the epidemic, it does not explain its genesis. Human population stress triggering a shift toward gametocytogenesis is hypothesized as the key initiation factor for malaria epidemics. Its evolutionary significance may be that it allows the parasite to match the tropical agricultural cycle.

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Infectious diseases in the aftermath of monsoon flooding in Pakistan

Cited by 88 publications

References 16 publications

Microbial Agents Responsible for Diarrheal Infections in Flood Victims: A Study from Karachi, Pakistan

Microbial Agents Responsible for Diarrheal Infections in Flood Victims: A Study from Karachi, Pakistan

Potential Sanitary Impact of “The Niño” Phenomenon in Peru

Hypothesis: Dynamics of Classical Malaria Epidemics Show Plasmodium falciparum's Survival Strategy

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