Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) outbreak in farmed rainbow trout in Iran: Viral isolation, pathological findings, molecular confirmation, and genetic analysis

Ahmadivand, Sohrab; Soltani, Mehdi; Mardani, Karim; Shokrpoor, Sara; Hassanzadeh, Reza; Ahmadpoor, M; Rahmati‐Holasoo, Hooman; Meshkini, S

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.013

Cited by 54 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Iran is one of the world-leading producers of freshwater rainbow trout with an annual production above 100k tons, and a respective annual demand for 300–400 million eyed eggs, of which 70% are imported from European countries. In recent years, the industry faced significant losses, due to viral diseases, such as rhabdoviruses and IPNV, which was first reported in the late 2000s, and since has become endemic [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Pathogenic Strain of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) Associated with Recent Outbreaks in Iranian Trout Farms

et al. 2020

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Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), first described as acute viral catarrhal enteritis, is a highly contagious disease with variable pathogenicity that has been linked to genetic variation in the viral VP2 gene encoding the capsid protein. In this study, the IPN virus (IPNV) is isolated from the moribund fish from five of fourteen Iranian trout farms from 2015 to 2017. The affected fish showed mortality rates ranging from 20% to 60%, with the main clinical signs of exophthalmia, darkened skin, and mild abdominal distension, as well as yellow mucoid fluid in the intestine. Histopathological examination of intestinal sections confirmed acute catarrhal enteritis in all samples. RT-PCR assay of the kidney tissue and cell culture (CHSE-214) samples consistently confirmed the presence of the virus. The phylogenetic analysis of the partial VP2 sequence revealed that the detected isolates belong to genogroup 5, and are closely related to the Sp serotype strains of European origin. Characterization of VP2 of all isolates revealed the P217T221 motif that previously was associated with avirulence or low virulence, while all IPNV-positive fish in this study were clinically affected with moderate mortality. The IPNV isolates from Iran are associated with two lineages that appear to have originated from Europe, possibly via imported eggs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Pathogenic Strain of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) Associated with Recent Outbreaks in Iranian Trout Farms

et al. 2020

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“…In older fish, darkened skin, distended abdomen and abnormal swimming were frequently observed. The differential diagnosis included infectious haematopoietic necrosis, cold water disease of rainbow trout and infectious pancreatic necrosis (Ahmadivand et al, ; Roberts, ; Roberts & Shepherd, ; Starliper, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First detection and isolation of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus from farmed rainbow trout in Nyeri County, Kenya

Mulei

Nyaga

Mbuthia

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the causative agent of infectious haematopoietic necrosis, a disease of salmonid responsible for great economic losses. The disease occurs in most parts of the world where rainbow trout is reared but has not been previously reported in Kenya. In this study, rainbow trout fry and growers from two farms in Nyeri County were screened for IHNV. Whole fry (n = 4 from each farm) and kidney samples from growers (n = 15 and n = 6 from the two farms, respectively) were collected and preserved for cell culture examination or PCR analysis. Screening of samples was done by PCR followed by sequencing of the glycoprotein gene of the virus. Demonstration of the virus was done by propagation in EPC cells followed by the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The results revealed the presence of IHNV at low prevalence of 0.1 and 0.4 for the two farms. The virus was confirmed both by IFAT and by partial sequencing of the G gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Kenyan isolates were identical to those of the J genogroup found mostly in Asia. The findings have implications for biosecurity measures and import regulations for the Kenyan rainbow trout industry.

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“…The infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a member of the Novirhabdovirus genus in the Rhabdoviridae family of viruses (Ahmadivand, Soltani, Behdani et al, 2017;Ahmadivand, Soltani, Mardani et al, 2017). Outbreaks of IHNV infection, leading to mass mortality, have posed a significant threat to the salmonid farming industry worldwide (Rucker, Whipple, Parvin, & Evans, 1953).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These epitopes are capable of eliciting the production of viral neutralizing antibodies against IPNV (Frost et al, 1995;Munang'Andu & Evensen, 2015). Vaccines encoding the recombinant VP2 gene had been shown to be sufficient to induce a protective immune response (Ahmadivand, Soltani, Behdani et al, 2017;Ahmadivand, Soltani, Mardani et al, 2017;Ballesteros, Saint-Jean, Encinas, Perez-Prieto, & Coll, 2012;Guo et al, 2018). A previous study showed that the truncated VP2 protein (147-307 amino acids) is capable of inducing an anti-IPNV antibody response with antibody titres similar to those for whole IPNV (Labus et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunity induced by recombinant attenuated IHNV (infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus)‐G^N438A expresses VP2 gene‐encoded IPNV (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus) against both pathogens in rainbow trout

Chen

Guo

Wang

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) are important pathogens in rainbow trout farming worldwide. Their co‐infection is also common, which causes great economic loss in juvenile salmon species. Development of a universal virus vaccine providing broadly cross‐protective immunity will be of great importance. In this study, we generated two recombinant (r) virus (rIHNV‐N438A‐ΔNV‐EGFP and rIHNV‐N438A‐ΔNV‐VP2) replacing the NV gene of the backbone of rIHNV at the single point mutation at residue 438 with an efficient green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene and antigenic VP2 gene of IPNV. Meanwhile, we tested their efficacy against the wild‐type (wt) IHNV HLJ‐09 virus and IPNV serotype Sp virus challenge. The relative per cent survival rates of two recombinant viruses against (wt) IHNV HLJ‐09 virus challenge were 84.6% and 81.5%, respectively. Simultaneously, the relative per cent survival rate of rIHNV‐N438A‐ΔNV‐VP2 against IPNV serotype Sp virus challenge was 88.9%. It showed the two recombinant viruses had high protection rates and induced a high level of antibodies against IHNV or IPNV. Taken together, these results suggest the VP2 gene of IPNV can act as candidate gene for vaccine and attenuated multivalent live vaccines and molecular marker vaccines have potential application for viral vaccine.

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Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) outbreak in farmed rainbow trout in Iran: Viral isolation, pathological findings, molecular confirmation, and genetic analysis

Cited by 54 publications

References 19 publications

Low Pathogenic Strain of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) Associated with Recent Outbreaks in Iranian Trout Farms

Low Pathogenic Strain of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) Associated with Recent Outbreaks in Iranian Trout Farms

First detection and isolation of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus from farmed rainbow trout in Nyeri County, Kenya

Immunity induced by recombinant attenuated IHNV (infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus)‐G^N438A expresses VP2 gene‐encoded IPNV (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus) against both pathogens in rainbow trout

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Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) outbreak in farmed rainbow trout in Iran: Viral isolation, pathological findings, molecular confirmation, and genetic analysis

Cited by 54 publications

References 19 publications

Low Pathogenic Strain of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) Associated with Recent Outbreaks in Iranian Trout Farms

Low Pathogenic Strain of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) Associated with Recent Outbreaks in Iranian Trout Farms

First detection and isolation of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus from farmed rainbow trout in Nyeri County, Kenya

Immunity induced by recombinant attenuated IHNV (infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus)‐GN438A expresses VP2 gene‐encoded IPNV (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus) against both pathogens in rainbow trout

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Immunity induced by recombinant attenuated IHNV (infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus)‐G^N438A expresses VP2 gene‐encoded IPNV (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus) against both pathogens in rainbow trout