Infectious Swine Hepatitis E Virus Is Present in Pig Manure Storage Facilities on United States Farms, but Evidence of Water Contamination Is Lacking

Kasorndorkbua, Chaiyan; Opriessnig, Tanja; Huang, Fen; Guenette, D. K.; Thomas, P. John; Meng, Xiang‐Jin; Halbur, Patrick G.

doi:10.1128/aem.71.12.7831-7837.2005

Cited by 97 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Occupational exposures to farm animals, especially swine, have been associated with HEV infection in some studies in Africa, Europe, and the United States (73,133,145,146), but a recent study in Thailand found no difference between the seroprevalence among swine workers and that among others in the local population (147). Inadequately treated manure from swine farms represents another potential source of environmental contamination (148)(149)(150).…”

Section: Epidemiologic Patterns Of Hepatitis E Virus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Immune Status and Response to Hepatitis E Virus Infection

2014

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SUMMARY Hepatitis E virus (HEV), identified over 30 years ago, remains a serious threat to life, health, and productivity in developing countries where access to clean water is limited. Recognition that HEV also circulates as a zoonotic and food-borne pathogen in developed countries is more recent. Even without treatment, most cases of HEV-related acute viral hepatitis (with or without jaundice) resolve within 1 to 2 months. However, HEV sometimes leads to acute liver failure, chronic infection, or extrahepatic symptoms. The mechanisms of pathogenesis appear to be substantially immune mediated. This review covers the epidemiology of HEV infection worldwide, the humoral and cellular immune responses to HEV, and the persistence and protection of antibodies produced in response to both natural infection and vaccines. We focus on the contributions of altered immune states (associated with pregnancy, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], and immunosuppressive agents used in cancer and transplant medicine) to the elevated risks of chronic infection (in immunosuppressed/immunocompromised patients) and acute liver failure and mortality (among pregnant women). We conclude by discussing outstanding questions about the immune response to HEV and interactions with hormones and comorbid conditions. These questions take on heightened importance now that a vaccine is available.

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Section: Epidemiologic Patterns Of Hepatitis E Virus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Immune Status and Response to Hepatitis E Virus Infection

2014

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“…HEV RNA was found in slurry lagoon samples from all farms and in fecal samples from 8 out of 9 farms included in this study. This occurrence is elevated when compared to those reported before in other Brazilian regions and for other countries (Kasorndorkbua et al, 2005); this area has a great density of farms and the production is mainly based on highly intensive systems, which may influence the levels of occurrence of HEV as reported before (Da Costa Lana et al, 2014). This may be due to an elevated prevalence of HEV in this region, a better efficacy of the protocols used for RNA extraction, concentration of the samples or climatic factors (such as temperature and rainfall) may have favored the detection of HEV RNA in all samples in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Previous studies showed the presence of HEV in swine feces, manure and effluents from slaughterhouses (Kasorndorkbua et al, 2005;dos Santos et al, 2011). In a recent study, HEV was detected in 63% of Brazilian swine herds (Gardinalli et al, 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular detection of hepatitis E virus in feces and slurry from swine farms, Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil

Vasconcelos

Soliman

Staggemeier

et al. 2015

Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is highly disseminated among swine herds worldwide. HEV is also a threat to public health, since particularly genotypes 3 and 4 may cause acute hepatitis in human beings. No previous studies were done on the occurrence of HEV in environmental samples in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In the present study, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed to detect the presence of HEV in swine feces and in effluents from slurry lagoons in farms located in the municipality of Teutônia, inside the area of swine husbandry in the state. Pooled fecal samples from the floor of pig barns from 9 wean-to-finish farms and liquid manure samples were collected from the slurry lagoons from 8 of these farms. From the pooled fecal samples, 8/9 were positive for the HEV ORF1 gene by RT-PCR; all the slurry lagoon samples were positive for HEV RNA (100%). The identity of the HEV ORF1 amplicons was confirmed by sequencing belonging to HEV genotype 3, which was previously shown to be circulating in South America.Keywords: Hepatitis E virus, swine HEV, slurry, zoonosis RESUMOO vírus da hepatite E (HEV) é altamente disseminado entre rebanhos suínos no mundo todo. O HEV é também uma ameaça à saúde pública, já que os genótipos 3 e 4 podem causar hepatite aguda em seres humanos. Não há estudos anteriores sobre a ocorrência de HEV em amostras ambientais no Rio Grande do Sul. No presente estudo, empregou-se transcrição reversa e reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR) para detectar a presença de HEV em fezes de suínos e efluentes de lagoas de chorume em fazendas localizadas no município de Teutônia, representativo da região de maior produção de suínos no estado. Pools de amostras fecais foram coletadas a partir do chão de galpões de suínos provenientes de 9 propriedades de terminação; outra amostra de esterco líquido foi coletada das lagoas de chorume de 8 dessas fazendas. A partir das amostras fecais reunidas, 8/9 foram positivas para o gene ORF1 de HEV por PCR convencional; todas as amostras de lagoas de chorume foram positivas para RNA de HEV (100%). A identificação dos produtos de amplificação de HEV ORF1 foi confirmada por sequenciamento pertencente ao HEV genótipo 3, o qual foi previamente detectado na América do Sul.

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“…Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a nonenveloped virus that is relatively more environmentally stable than enveloped viruses, was recovered from 15 of 22 swine manure pit and 3 of 8 manure lagoon samples in a multifarm survey, although no HEV was recovered from drinking-or surfacewater samples on the 28 farm sites studied (Kasorndorkbua et al, 2005). The presence of exotic Newcastle disease (END) after depopulation and decontamination (D & D) of the infected birds in a California outbreak was assessed with emphasis on manure, compost, and manure conveyors .…”

Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella and Tomatoes

Bartz¹,

Marvasi²,

Teplitski³

2014

The Produce Contamination Problem

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Academic Press is an imprint of ElsevierNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material NoticeNo responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataA catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Printed and bound in the United States PART 3 CONTAMINATION AVOIDANCE PRE AND POSTHARVEST CHAPTER 15 Produce Contamination Issues in Mexico and CHAPTER 16 Regulatory Issues in Europe RegardingFresh PART 4 TECHNOLOGY FOR REDUCTION OF HUMAN PATHOGENS IN FRESH PRODUCE PrefaceThe premise of the book is that once human pathogen contamination of fresh produce occurs, it is extremely difficult to reduce pathogen levels sufficiently with currently available technologies based on washing with sanitizing agents to assure microbiological safety. Outbreaks since the first edition of this book was published have been attributed to consumption of fresh commodities including but not limited to cantaloupes, mangoes, tomatoes, seed sprouts, and salad greens. Globally extensive research, published in thousands of scientific papers and documents, has focused on the microbiological safety of fresh produce. Disinfection methods whether conventional or based on new innovative technology fail to reduce pathogen loads on produce to levels consistent with product safety.Produce decontamination methods are surprisingly similar in the level of reductions in pathogens they achieve. Methods that are effective, irradiation and high pressure, are either not accepted by a large segment of consumers or not practical for all types of fresh produce. The intrinsic interaction of microbes with plant tissues, internalization, biofilm formation, and association with inaccessible sites contributes to the insufficient reduction in microbial populations to assure product safety. The key to improving the microbial safety of fresh products is the development of wiser strategies to avoid human pathogen contamination of the products rather than focusing on disinfect...

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Infectious Swine Hepatitis E Virus Is Present in Pig Manure Storage Facilities on United States Farms, but Evidence of Water Contamination Is Lacking

Cited by 97 publications

References 37 publications

Host Immune Status and Response to Hepatitis E Virus Infection

Host Immune Status and Response to Hepatitis E Virus Infection

Molecular detection of hepatitis E virus in feces and slurry from swine farms, Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil

Salmonella and Tomatoes

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