Infective endocarditis by Klebsiella species: a systematic review

Infective Endocarditis by Moraxella Species: A Systematic Review

“…The mean age of patients diagnosed with Moraxella spp. IE in this study was 43.4 years, which is within the reported age range of diagnosis of IE by other non-HACEK Gram-negative microorganisms in the literature (40 to 70 years) [ 55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ]. However, the age at diagnosis of IE in general cohorts of IE patients is higher, and is close to 70 years [ 14 , 65 , 66 , 67 ].…”

“…In patients with IE in general, fever was present in 84% and shock was diagnosed in 9% [ 65 , 66 ]. Diagnosis of heart failure was performed in 19.4% of patients with IE by Moraxella spp., which is similar to that in cases of non-HACEK Gram-negative IE that ranged from 8% to 37% [ 55 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ] and lower to the rate noted in IE in general, which was between 33% and 52% [ 65 , 67 ]. Immunologic and embolic phenomena in IE by Moraxella spp.…”

“…However, the age at diagnosis of IE in general cohorts of IE patients is higher, and is close to 70 years [ 14 , 65 , 66 , 67 ]. There was a slight male predominance among patients with IE by Moraxella spp., while a male predominance was also noted in IE by other non-HACEK Gram-negative microorganisms and in other cohorts of patients with IE in the general population [ 14 , 15 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 67 ]. A prosthetic valve was present in 25.8% of patients with IE by Moraxella spp., which was a rate similar to the rate noted in other studies of IE by non-HACEK Gram-negative bacteria (14% to 59%) and similar to the rate noted in the cohorts of patients diagnosed with IE in general [ 55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ].…”

“…This is in accordance with other studies with IE by non-HACEK Gram-negative bacteria, where the mitral valve was the most commonly infected valve in 31% to 58% of people, followed by the aortic valve in 17% to 33% [ 55 , 61 , 63 ]. In other studies, however, the aortic valve was the most commonly infected valve in 33.3% to 45%, followed by the mitral valve in 26.7% to 40% [ 59 , 60 , 62 ], or the tricuspid valve in 33% [ 57 ]. In studies with IE in the general population, however, aortic valve was the most commonly infected valve, followed by the mitral valve in most studies [ 65 , 67 ].…”

“…Regarding clinical presentation, the most common symptom was fever, which occurred in 87.1% of patients, while 65.4% of patients developed sepsis and 10% developed septic shock. In other studies with IE by non-HACEK Gram-negative bacteria, fever was present in 90.5% to 100% of patients [ 55 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ], and sepsis was noted in 39% to 84.6% [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ], while septic shock was noted in 3.4% [ 64 ]. In patients with IE in general, fever was present in 84% and shock was diagnosed in 9% [ 65 , 66 ].…”