Infective vegetative endocarditis of the mitral, aortic, and pulmonary valves due to Enterococcus hirae in a cat with a ventricular septal defect

Loon, Anne C.J. van; Locquet, Laurent; Bosseler, Leslie; Mortier, Femke; Paepe, Dominique; Smets, Pascale

doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2020.05.005

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In livestock animals, outbreaks in broiler flocks have been associated with E. hirae , which was isolated from sucking rabbits with diarrhea [ 25 ]. In companion animals, it has been described by van Loon et al [ 26 ] as a bloodstream infection agent in a cat with bacteremia and endocarditis, but also as a cause of cholangitis and pancreatitis [ 27 ] and as an opportunistic intestinal pathogen in kittens [ 28 ], although Ghosh et al [ 29 ] demonstrated that it is more commonly isolated in healthy kittens rather than in sick ones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two cases of bloodstream infections associated with opportunistic bacterial species (Enterococcus hirae and Enterobacter xiangfangensis) in companion animals

et al. 2023

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Background Bloodstream infections are a matter of concern in small animal veterinary practice. Few reports are avaiable, especially regarding the role of opportunistic bacteria in becoming infectious. This report aims to add to the current veterinary literature on two opportunistic bacterial species (Enterococcus hirae and Enterobacter xiangfangensis) associated with bloodstream infections in small animals admitted to the Bologna University Veterinary Hospital. Case presentation In the first case, a 15-year-old, immunocompromised, cardiopathic dog was admitted to the hospital for anorexia and diarrhea. The patient had a history of previous surgery and hospitalization. After three days, hyperthermia, leukopenia and hyperlactatemia were recorded, and blood culture revealed positivity for Enterococcus hirae, identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The patient’s general conditions progressively worsened, and the patient was euthanized. In the second case, a 2-year-old cat with chronic ocular herpesvirus infection and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was admitted to the hospital for anorexia and hyperthermia. The cat was hospitalized one week before and received antimicrobial treatment for urinary tract infection by Staphylococcus felis. Hypokalemia and lymphopenia were also diagnosed. The patient progressively improved and was discharged after three days. On the same day, blood culture taken at admission revealed positivity for Enterobacter xiangfangensis, identified using MALDI-TOF MS. After five days, the patient returned with neurological symptoms, hypothermia and bradycardia, and was euthanized. Conclusions In small animal veterinary practice, the impact of opportunistic bacterial agents (such as E.hirae and E.xiangfangensis) on bloodstream infections remains unclear. As in human medicine, they can be contracted in every healthcare setting and considered hospital-acquired infections. In this report, we highlighted the threat they pose especially in patients with multiple risk factors. Rapid and accurate diagnostic tools (such as MALDI-TOF MS) could be particularly important for reducing the severity of the infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two cases of bloodstream infections associated with opportunistic bacterial species (Enterococcus hirae and Enterobacter xiangfangensis) in companion animals

et al. 2023

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“…Feline IE is uncommonly reported and has only been featured in a few case reports and two case series 3,5,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] ; in contrast, the clinical course of IE in dogs has been widely described. 1,21,22 The prevalence of IE in cats is about 0.007%, 3,23 much lower than that of canine patients (0.05%-6.6%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bartonella henselae mitral valve endocarditis associated with multi‐resistant Enterococcus faecalis bacteraemia in a cat

Colella,

Greco,

Cordisco

et al. 2023

Vet Record Case Reports

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Feline infective endocarditis is a difficult condition to detect and diagnose early, with a poor long‐term prognosis. This case report describes the clinical, laboratory, instrumental and histological findings in a 12‐year‐old cat with Bartonella henselae endocarditis associated with multi‐resistant Enterococcus faecalis bacteraemia. The latter pathogen recently emerged as deadly nosocomial bacteria in humans and is considered a common cause of infective endocarditis. The prolonged corticosteroid therapy administered in the cat probably played a role in the onset of B. henselae endocarditis and E. faecalis intestinal translocation and bacteraemia. Echocardiography remains the tool of choice to suspect infective endocarditis, as it can detect vegetative lesions consistent with this condition. Feline infective endocarditis should always be considered as a differential diagnosis in cats, especially when there are signs of systemic disease, a history of prolonged corticosteroid treatment or concomitant infections.

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“… 10 There has been one case report of a feline patient with endocarditis affecting the mitral, aortic, and pulmonic valves, but there are no reports of canine patients with three or more valves affected, and it is exceedingly rare to see more than one valve involved. 10 , 11 No infectious agents were identified on the histopathology report, making infective endocarditis with typical organisms less likely. Myxomatous degeneration is very common in dogs and is commonly diagnosed in middle to older age patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquired Stenosis of All Four Heart Valves in a Boxer Mix Dog

Boothe¹,

Rosenthal²

2021

CASE

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Infective vegetative endocarditis of the mitral, aortic, and pulmonary valves due to Enterococcus hirae in a cat with a ventricular septal defect

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

Two cases of bloodstream infections associated with opportunistic bacterial species (Enterococcus hirae and Enterobacter xiangfangensis) in companion animals

Two cases of bloodstream infections associated with opportunistic bacterial species (Enterococcus hirae and Enterobacter xiangfangensis) in companion animals

Bartonella henselae mitral valve endocarditis associated with multi‐resistant Enterococcus faecalis bacteraemia in a cat

Acquired Stenosis of All Four Heart Valves in a Boxer Mix Dog

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