Infectivity, predilection sites, and freeze tolerance of Trichinella spp. in experimentally infected sheep

Théodoropoulos, Georgios; Kapel, Christian M. O.; Webster, P.; Saravanos, L.; Zaki, Jamal M.; Koutsotolis, K.

doi:10.1007/s004360050684

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Chadee and Kick (1982) reported that all larvae of T. spiralis were alive after 14 months in a frozen state. Muscle larvae of T. spiralis remain infective even after exposure to temperatures of 5 and −5°C for several weeks (Theodoropoulos et al 2000;von Koller et al 2001;Malakauskas and Kapel 2003). The present results show that viability was still nearly 100% even after incubating the larvae for 3 days at 0°C.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…The worldwide distribution in geography and a wide range of hosts suggests that these infective larvae have high tolerance to various kinds of stress, for example, temperature and decaying tissues, during its transition from host to host. The L1 larvae remain infective even after exposure to −5°C for 4 weeks (Theodoropoulos et al 2000;Malakauskas and Kapel 2003), or even during the degradation of infected tissues (von Koller et al 2001). This parasite can escape host immune attack and survive within a muscle cell for years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermally induced and developmentally regulated expression of a small heat shock protein in Trichinella spiralis

Nagano

Boonmars

et al. 2007

Parasitol Res

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A cDNA encoding a small heat shock protein of Trichinella spiralis, Ts-sHsp, was cloned and expressed and is herein characterized. This cDNA encoded a predicted protein of 165 amino acids, which had a high sequence identity in alpha crystallin domain with various small heat shock proteins of other organisms. A Western blot analysis indicated that anti-Ts-sHsp recombinant antibody recognized the protein of adults and larvae migrating at about 19 kDa. An in situ localization study showed the protein to be abundantly present in the body wall muscle cells, hypodermis, stichocytes, and esophagus of muscle larvae. The Ts-sHsp recombinant protein possessed chaperone activity to suppress the thermally-induced aggregation of citrate synthase. This sHsp was expressed at various developmental stages of T. spiralis, but at different levels. A high level was observed in mature muscle larvae (infective larvae), which was much higher than the levels seen in adults, newborn larvae, or immature muscle larvae. The expression of the sHsp gene was thermal inducible, thus responding to both cold (0 degrees C) and heat shock (43 degrees C) stress; however, at different patterns. The expression of Ts-sHsp increased gradually from 3 to 72 h after cold stress, while the expression was elevated to its highest after 3 h heat stress and then decreased. These results suggest that this small heat shock protein likely plays a role in the tolerance to both chemical and physical stresses, thereby enhancing the survival ability of Trichinella muscle larvae.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermally induced and developmentally regulated expression of a small heat shock protein in Trichinella spiralis

Nagano

Boonmars

et al. 2007

Parasitol Res

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“…We detected a higher larval burden than other authors (Table 3). Theodoropoulos et al (2000) and Reina et al (1996) used sheep and goats, respectively, at the same age (2 months old) and with the same infective dose (10,000 larvae per animal) as in our experiment. The differences can be caused by several reasons, such as individual variability and differences in the Trichinella strain that was used for experimental infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In Europe, no outbreak of human trichinellosis has been attributed to the consumption of ruminant meat, but in Asia, sheep, cow, and wild moufflon (Ovis musimon) are occasional sources of infection (Zhu and Niu 1988;Liu and Boireau 2002). There have been reports on the following studies in experimentally infected, nonspecific ruminant hosts: (Smith and Snowdon 1988;Smith et al 1989;Tomašovičová et al 1991;Pajerský et al 1996;Reina et al 1996;Oksanen et al 2000;Theodoropoulos et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Distribution of muscle larvae and antibody dynamics in goats experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis

et al. 2006

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Herbivorous animals can play a very important role in spreading trichinellosis. In the study presented here, the susceptibility and distribution of Trichinella spiralis infection was examined in 16 goat kids. The goats were inoculated with 10,000 T. spiralis larvae isolated by artificial digestion methods. The animals were necropsied per two animals in weekly intervals, and the larval burdens in different muscle tissue and anti-Trichinella antibodies measured with the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serological method using excretory-secretory (E/S) antigen for detecting anti-Trichinella antibodies were assessed during the experiment. T. spiralis larval burden was maximal at 6 weeks postinoculation (480-5,057 larvae/g according to locality), and the larvae were also found in the myocardium (0.77 larvae/g). In this paper, our next step was to compare the specificity and the time of seroconversion by means of ELISA based on E/S antigen prepared from T. spiralis. Antibody response was detected in all 16 goats. The ELISA test carried out showed the first increments in optical density 2 weeks postinfection (p.i.), reached their peak 4 weeks p.i., and remained elevated from that day until the end of the experiment (10 weeks p.i.). These results indicated that specific anti-Trichinella antibodies in goats persist for a relatively long time.

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“…larvae in muscle tissue have included laboratory assessments of parasite tolerance to cold and freezing temperatures, "wet-curing" and seasoning (Theodoropoulos et al 2000;Malakauskas and Kapel 2003;Hill et al 2007;MedinaLerena et al 2009). Other authors have also evaluated the same parameters during tissue exposition to a constant temperature and humidity (Von Köller et al 2001), and studies on the tolerance to freezing temperature (−5°C) of different isolates of Trichinella nativa from fox tissues were made by Davidson et al (2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae in natural decaying mice

et al. 2012

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The influence of natural weather conditions on the viability and reproductive capability of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae in mouse corpses exposed to summer and winter conditions in the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, was studied. For this purpose, a total of 49 mouse corpses harbouring muscle larvae of T. spiralis were exposed for a period of 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks in each of the seasons. Control corpses maintained at 8°C were also included. In summer, T. spiralis muscle larvae were recovered from corpses exposed up to 1 week only. The viability of these larvae was 54.2%, and the reproductive capability index in mice (RCI) was 13.1 and significantly lower than the control (p<0.0005). Morphologic deterioration and reduction in the glycogen content of cysts and larvae were observed at the second week of exposition. By week 4, larval stages of Dermestes maculatus were observed inside corpses, and 22 live muscle larvae of T. spiralis were obtained by artificial digestion of their bodies. In winter, T. spiralis muscle larvae were always recovered, the viability being almost 100% except for a significant reduction by week 6 of exposition (p<0.0001). For this season, the RCI were 50.5, 46.9, 59.7 and 45.2 for the periods of 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks of exposition, respectively. The morphology of cysts and larvae did not show alterations, and no variations were observed as well in glycogen reserves during the 6-week period of exposition. RCI of non-exposed muscle larvae were always significantly higher that any of those recorded from muscle larvae that belonged to exposed corpses (p=0.0005). The present results demonstrate that muscle larvae of T. spiralis are able to survive in nature and keep infective for a 1-week period in summer and at least for 6 weeks in winter, becoming an important source of infection for scavengers. In summer, larvae stages of D. maculatus, and probably other insects, may play an important role in the survival and transmission of T. spiralis in the sylvatic cycle.

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Infectivity, predilection sites, and freeze tolerance of Trichinella spp. in experimentally infected sheep

Cited by 21 publications

References 10 publications

Thermally induced and developmentally regulated expression of a small heat shock protein in Trichinella spiralis

Thermally induced and developmentally regulated expression of a small heat shock protein in Trichinella spiralis

Distribution of muscle larvae and antibody dynamics in goats experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis

Persistence of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae in natural decaying mice

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