Inferring interannual changes in global upper ocean heat storage from TOPEX altimetry

Abstract

Good agreement is found between global patterns of TOPEX dynamic height and expendable bathythermograph (XBT) heat storage anomalies from approximately 30°S to 60°N for the 2‐year period from 1993 to 1994, with both variables dominated by the biennial signal. This is due to the physical dependence of absolute dynamic height upon relative steric height (i.e., an alias of heat storage). Regression finds these two variables correlated from 0.5 to 0.8 over the global ocean, with slopes of regression ranging from 0.05 to 0.15×109 W−s m−2 cm−1. While these statistics are not definitive, they do provide representative estimates of regression error, sampling error, and sampling frequencies for determining the role that TOPEX altimetry can play in estimating upper ocean heat storage over large portions of the global ocean. We examine this role within the framework of optimum interpolation methodology (Gandin, 1963), finding regression errors for inferred heat storage anomalies larger than instrumental errors expected from XBT heat storage estimates but of the same order as uncertainties incurred from subgrid ambient noise. While this increases the noise‐to‐signal ratio of the inferred heat storage anomalies by a factor of 2, the greater density of TOPEX observations reduces the interpolation errors for gridded fields of upper ocean heat storage anomalies to half those incurred from the smaller density of XBT sampling. So, when inferred heat storage anomalies are used to compute the time sequence in upper ocean heat storage anomaly over large portions of the global ocean during 1993–1994, errors of ±2 W m−2 are half those achieved with XBT sampling. Moreover, the time rate of change in upper ocean heat storage anomalies becomes statistically significant, with inferred heat storage anomalies in the North Atlantic Ocean remaining constant for 1993–1994 but increasing in both the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The latter dominate the time rate of change of upper ocean heat storage anomaly over the global ocean, yielding an average rate of 3 W m−2 over the 2‐year period.

Combining T/P altimetric data with hydrographic data to estimate the mean dynamic topography of the North Atlantic and improve the geoid

“…Except for the small region around [30°W, 20°N], mentioned already, it is minimum in the relatively quiescent southeastern corner of the model domain. The uncertainty in the mean dynamic topography, diagnosed from the density ®eld, is consistent, both in distribution and amplitude, with the temporal variability in the dynamic height directly estimated from T/P observations averaged onto a 5°longitude´2°latitude grid (White and Tai, 1995). This consistency indicates that the uncertainty in the mean dynamic topography, diagnosed from the density ®eld, is mostly due to the oceanic variability.…”

Understanding global sea levels: past, present and future

“…Global warming from increasing greenhouse gas concentrations is a significant driver of both contributions to sea-level rise. highly correlated with heat content and steric heights (White and Tai, 1995, Gilson et al, 1998, Willis et al, 2003. This correlation can be exploited to improve estimates of ocean thermal expansion and heat content (0-750 m) as shown by Willis et al (2004).…”

Long‐period ocean heat storage rates and basin‐scale heat fluxes from TOPEX

“…Instead of using direct temperature measurements and deriving a linear relation between TOPEX-measured sea levels and heat storage as White and Tai [ 1995] have done, we want to examine the theoretical basis of the relationship and base our calculations on an equation utilizing only sea level measurements and certain constants. To first order, the temperature change in (1) will cause a change in density according to Ap = -ptxATa,…”