“…Thus, there is an urgent need for an automatic and intelligent means to construct the Q-matrix. During the past decade, construction of a mapping relationship between items and latent attributes based on examinees' response data became a field undergoing intense study (e.g., Barnes, 2010;Chen, 2017;Chen et al, 2015Chen et al, , 2018Chen et al, , 2021Chiu, 2013;Chung, 2014;Close, 2012;de la Torre, 2008;Desmarais, 2012;Desmarais et al, 2012;Desmarais & Naceur, 2013;Kang et al, 2019;Lim & Drasgow, 2017;Liu, 2016;Liu et al, 2012Liu et al, , 2013Sun et al, 2014Sun et al, , 2015Wang et al, 2020;Xiang, 2013;Xu & Shang, 2018;Yu & Cheng, 2019).…”