Freudian drive theory focused on the psychic expression of instinctual drives (i.e. sexuality and aggression); its later revision, ego psychology, emphasized how those instincts are adaptively managed by our coping resources, the ego and its defenses. 3, 4 Although Freud eventually constructed a complex psychology of human functioning, it should not be forgotten that his roots, aspirations, and beliefs were steeped in a psychophysiologic model, making him, in Sulloway's terms, a "biologist of the mind". 5 As an instinctual process, pregnancy was understood as recapitulating infantile sexuality. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 In the first trimester, with the attachment of the fetus inside the uterus, orality predominates, coinciding with symptoms of nausea and food cravings. In the next trimester, the fetus is accorded greater personhood during quickening as anal trends become more prominent, corresponding to the toddler period of increased separation from parents. Finally, during the third trimester, as the mother prepares for delivery, phallic-aggressive wishes, associated with urethral issues, gain ascendance, linked with heightened fears that she or the baby may die, along with the dread of losing control. As well as this libidinal regression, earlier modes of cognition typically occur during pregnancy. Ego regression with a distorted perception of reality, magical thinking associated with primary process (e.g. irrational beliefs and fears), and greater emotional volatility are all a normal part of pregnancy. 10, 11 This often leads to high anxiety, 9, 12 with obsessional, compulsive, and phobic preoccupations 13 that give the appearance of emotional disturbance on psychologic measures. 14 With the lessening of defenses, pregnancy can be seen as an optimal time for psychoanalytic interventions.