Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, though little is known about some of its rarer forms, including certain histologic types. Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program data on 135 157 invasive breast cancer cases diagnosed from 1992 to 2001, relationships between nine histologic types of breast cancer and various tumour characteristics were assessed. Among women aged 50 -89 years at diagnosis, lobular and ductal/lobular carcinoma cases were more likely to be diagnosed with stage III/IV, X5.0 cm, and node-positive tumours compared to ductal carcinoma cases. Mucinous, comedo, tubular, and medullary carcinomas were less likely to present at an advanced stage. Lobular, ductal/lobular, mucinous, tubular, and papillary carcinomas were less likely, and comedo, medullary, and inflammatory carcinomas were more likely to be oestrogen receptor (ER) negative/progesterone receptor (PR) negative and high grade (notably, 68.2% of medullary carcinomas were ERÀ/PRÀ vs 19.3% of ductal carcinomas). In general, similar differences were observed among women diagnosed at age 30 -49 years. Inflammatory carcinomas are associated with more aggressive tumour phenotypes, and mucinous, tubular, and papillary tumours are associated with less aggressive phenotypes. The histologic types of breast cancer studied here differ greatly in their clinical presentations, and the differences in their hormone receptor profiles and grades point to their likely different aetiologies. British Journal of Cancer (2005) Although breast cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in the United States (US) and worldwide, it is a heterogeneous disease. Breast cancer can be categorized in several ways, including based on its clinical features, its expression of tumour markers, and its histologic type. The two most common histologic types of invasive breast cancer are ductal and lobular carcinomas, accounting for approximately 75 and 15% of all cases in the US, respectively (Li et al, 2003a). Interest in lobular carcinoma in particular has recently been piqued by data indicating that incidence rates of lobular carcinoma are increasing more rapidly than are rates of ductal carcinoma in the US. Specifically, lobular rates have increased by 65% from 1987 to 1999, while rates of ductal carcinoma have increased only by 3% (Li et al, 2003a). Studies also suggest that lobular carcinomas are more likely than ductal carcinomas to be hormone receptor positive (Arpino et al, 2004;Korhonen et al, 2004). This difference may partly explain why seven studies have consistently observed that combined oestrogen and progestin postmenopausal hormone use is more strongly related to lobular carcinoma risk than to ductal carcinoma risk (Li et al, 2000(Li et al, , 2003bChen et al, 2002;Newcomb et al, 2002;Daling et al, 2003;Newcomer et al, 2003).While several studies have now examined the clinical, pathologic, and epidemiologic differences between ductal and lobular carcinomas, much less is known about the rarer histologic types of breast cancer,...