Infiltration into Frozen Silty Clay Loam Soil with Different Soil Water Contents in the Red River of the North Basin in the USA

Abstract

Predicting surface runoff and flooding in seasonally frozen areas such as the Red River of the North Basin (RRB) in USA is a challenging task. It depends on the knowledge of the complex process of infiltration in frozen soil, such as phase changes of water, ice content and distribution in the infiltration zone (the top 0–30 cm of the soil profile), soil pore size distribution, soil temperature and freeze–thaw cycles. In this study, the infiltration rates into frozen soil (Colvin silty clay loam according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Classification, and Chernozem according to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) international soil Classification) were measured at three different initial water contents: permanent wilting point (PWP), θpwp; field capacity (FC), θfc; and between FC and PWP, θmid. Laboratory infiltration experiments were conducted using a Cornell sprinkle infiltrometer with three replications for each initial water content. Volumetric soil water content (θv) and soil temperature at three depths were also continuously monitored using sensors. The average infiltration rates were 0.66, 0.38, and 0.59 cm/min for three initial water contents (θpwp, θmid, and θfc, respectively). Initial infiltration into frozen soil occurred quickly in the soil with θpwp because the soil was dry. Melted ice water contributed to the total soil water content over time, so it made the initial infiltration comparatively slower in the soil with θmid. Initial infiltration was also slower in the soil with θfc because the wet soil had very small pore space, so the soil rapidly reached its saturation after the infiltration started. The Horton infiltration equation was fitted with the observed infiltration rates for the soils with three initial water contents, and the goodness of fit was evaluated by using the coefficient of determination (R2) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE). The final infiltration rates from the fitted Horton equations were 0.060, 0.010, and 0.027 cm/min for the initial water contents (θpwp, θmid, and θfc, respectively). The soil water content along the soil profile changed with the amount of infiltrating water over time. However, the initial soil water content and melt water from ice resulting from soil temperature rise regulated the change in soil water content. The amount of ice melt water contribution to soil water content change varied among the soils with different initial water contents (θpwp, θmid, and θfc, respectively). The θv changed gradually in the θpwp soil, rapidly at 0 °C in the θmid soil, and less in the θfc soil. The change in pore distribution due to freeze–thaw cycles and soil packing altered the soil hydraulic properties and the infiltration into the soil. This study can provide critical information for flood forecasting model and subsurface drainage design in the RRB.

Wintertime snow and precipitation conditions in the Willow Creek watershed above Ririe Dam, Idaho

“…In the potentially frozen state, the model still accumulates soil moisture from snowmelt and direct precipitation. This accounts for the process described by Gray and Norum (1967) and observed by others (Appels et al 2018;Roy et al 2020;Mohammed et al 2019) where melt water or precipitation refreezes in the soil matrix.…”

“…Shanley and Chalmers (1999) observed significantly reduced infiltration rates in a watershed in northern Vermont over the course of an event where rain fell on so-called "concrete frost" that formed when the finegrained surface soil froze with a high moisture content. Unsaturated frozen soils subjected to simulated snow melt in laboratory experiments have exhibited initially high infiltration rates, which decrease asymptotically to a lower steady infiltration rate due to refreezing of meltwater (Appels et al 2018;Roy et al 2020). In an experiment simulating rain on frozen ground, ponded water forming on the surface of a frozen soil column suddenly infiltrated when the soil matrix thawed due to the heat input from the water (Holten et al 2018).…”

A hydraulic conductivity model of frozen soils with the consideration of water films

“…(1) the need for controlling frost heave (Hayashi, 2013;Nixon, 1991); (2) the need for establishing and improving the prediction model (Harlan, 1973;Li et al, 2018;Ming et al, 2016); (3) the need for predicting spring flood caused by snowmelt in seasonally frozen region (Roy et al, 2020(Roy et al, , 2021. Recently, with the application of an artificial freezing method for containment of hazardous solid/liquid waste contaminants (Wagner, 2013), the study on the hydraulic conductivity of frozen soil has flourished once again.…”

Measuring the economic benefits of advanced technology use for river flood forecasting

“…Flooding in the RRB depends on a number of factors. According to Roy et al (2020), the initial soil water content before soil freezing strongly affects the infiltration. The drier the soil, the higher the infiltration is, even when the soil was frozen.…”