Inflammaging and Immunosenescence as Part of Skin Aging—A Narrative Review

Abstract

Inflammaging and immunosenescence are associated with aging of the human body, but there are key differences between them. Immunosenescence aims to adapt the body systems to aging, while inflammaging is considered a consequence of immunosenescence. There has been much research in the area of immunosenescence and inflammaging recently, yet our understanding of aging and the ability to develop interventions to decrease the harmful effect of aging on the human body is insufficient. This review is focused on immunosenescence and inflammaging processes in the skin. We aimed to identify factors that influence inflammaging, skin aging, and their mechanisms. We discussed the role of triggering factors (e.g., UV radiations, changes in bioavailability of nitric oxide, senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors, and reactive oxygen species) and inhibiting factors that can potentially be used as anti-aging treatments, as well as the idea of geroprotectors and senotherapeutics. We concluded that while knowledge on external factors can help people to improve their health conditions, knowledge on biochemical factors can help researchers to understand inflammaging process and develop interventions to minimize the impact of aging on the human body. Further research is needed to better understand the role of factors that can slow down or accelerate inflammaging.

Dermal thirdhand smoke exposure induced epidermal alterations in human keratinocyte cells through oxidative damage and MMP‐1 expression

“…Inflammation in the skin is one of the critical factors in the ageing process which may lead to tissue damage, skin cancer or other dermal diseases associated with ageing. Several types of stimulants and external factors may accelerate the ageing rate such as chemical and ultraviolet (UV) exposure 30 . Due to the diverse toxic content and complex chemicodynamics, THS might be suggested as one of the most important environmental pollutants that may affect skin ageing and inflammation.…”

“…Several types of stimulants and external factors may accelerate the ageing rate such as chemical and ultraviolet (UV) exposure. 30 Due to the diverse toxic content and complex chemicodynamics, THS might be suggested as one of the most important environmental pollutants that may affect skin ageing and inflammation. IL-6 is a multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine which was considered as a major contributor to the acute inflammatory response.…”

Five New Tamarixetin Glycosides from Astragalus thracicus Griseb. Including Some Substituted with the Rare 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric Acid and Their Collagenase Inhibitory Effects In Vitro

“…18,19 Moreover, skin aging is connected to inflammatory conditions, and thus, the term "inflammaging" was coined. 20 For example, a pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β is able to increase expression of collagenase in fibroblasts. 21 As a part of our ongoing research on natural phenolic compounds with anti-inflammatory activity, we extracted and isolated a series of flavonoids from A. thracicus.…”

“…The reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated after the absorption of UV light, damage lipid membranes and DNA directly, promoting wrinkle formation. Indirectly, the ROS increase the expression of MMP enzymes, further worsening the condition. , Moreover, skin aging is connected to inflammatory conditions, and thus, the term “inflammaging” was coined . For example, a pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β is able to increase expression of collagenase in fibroblasts …”

A highly biocompatible CE-crosslinked collagen implant with exceptional anti-calcification and collagen regeneration capabilities for aging skin rejuvenation

“…Skin aging represents an intricate and inescapable physiological progression marked by the emergence of furrows, dermal laxity, and the manifestation of imperfections. [1][2][3][4] Intrinsic aging, coupled with exposure to radiation and environmental contaminants, contributes to the aging of the skin, culminating in a diminished capacity for skin regeneration, heightened states of persistent inflammation, 5,6 and an elevated susceptibility to cutaneous malignancies. 7 Hence, the development of effective strategies to improve the process of skin aging is of paramount significance.…”