Inflammation and axon regeneration

Benowitz, Larry I.; Popovich, Phillip G.

doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e32834c208d

Cited by 220 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Current evidence suggests that neural connections could be reestablished by combination of local delivery of axon chemoattractive factors and a growth supportive matrix with activation of intrinsic neuronal growth programs. Various means of reactivating neuron-intrinsic growth programs are emerging, including modulating specific genetic pathways ( Figure 3A and discussed above), providing neuronal cell bodies with specific growth factors (150) or inflammatory factors (51,55,151), or stimulating neuronal activity (152). There is a growing list of chemoattractive growth factors that stimulate and guide regrowth of specific axons after SCI, including BDNF and NT3 for sensory axons (19,88), GDNF for propriospinal axons (89), and IGF1 for corticospinal axons (153), as well as pleotropic growth factors such as FGF and EGF that act in beneficial but undefined ways (154)(155)(156).…”

Section: R E V I E W S E R I E S : G L I a A N D N E U R O D E G E N mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell biology of spinal cord injury and repair

O’Shea¹,

Burda²,

Sofroniew³

2017

Journal of Clinical Investigation

451

349

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Section: R E V I E W S E R I E S : G L I a A N D N E U R O D E G E N mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell biology of spinal cord injury and repair

O’Shea¹,

Burda²,

Sofroniew³

2017

Journal of Clinical Investigation

451

349

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“…2 These secondary injuries involve persistent inflammation, glial scar formation, demyelination of surrounding neurons, and substantial cellular death. 3,4 Among all aspects of secondary injury, the inflammatory response is the major cause and leads to widespread cell damage and expansion of the lesion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-inflammatory effect of stem cells against spinal cord injury via regulating macrophage polarization

Zhang¹,

He²

2017

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic event that involves not just an acute physical injury but also inflammation-driven secondary injury. Macrophages play a very important role in secondary injury. The effects of macrophages on tissue damage and repair after SCI are related to macrophage polarization. Stem cell transplantation has been studied as a promising treatment for SCI. Recently, increasing evidence shows that stem cells, including mesenchymal stem, neural stem/progenitor, and embryonic stem cells, have an anti-inflammatory capacity and promote functional recovery after SCI by inducing macrophages M1/M2 phenotype transformation. In this review, we will discuss the role of stem cells on macrophage polarization and its role in stem cell-based therapies for SCI.

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“…Following SCI, the lesion is rapidly invaded by neutrophils, macrophages, and microglia [16,17], leading to inflammatory cascades that cause secondary degeneration of glia and axons, cystic cavitation, and the eventual establishment of a glial scar [16,17]. The scar is composed of the surrounding reactive astroglial matrix, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) deposition, oligodendrocyte precursor cells expressing the CSPG NG2, and a fibrotic core [17,18].…”

Section: Sci and Scarringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Axon Guidance Molecules and Neural Circuit Remodeling After Spinal Cord Injury

Hollis

2016

Neurotherapeutics

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…once the development was ended, the founts of growth and regeneration of the axons and dendrites dried up irrevocably. Santiago Ramón y CajalCajal's neurotropic theory postulates that the complexity of the nervous system arises from the collaboration of neurotropic signals from neuronal and non-neuronal cells and that once development has ended, a paucity of neurotropic signals means that the pathways of the central nervous system are Bfixed, ended, immutable^. While the capacity for regeneration and plasticity of the central nervous system may not be quite as paltry as Cajal proposed, regeneration is severely limited in scope as there is no spontaneous regeneration of long-distance projections in mammals and therefore limited opportunity for functional recovery following spinal cord injury. It is not a far stretch from Cajal to hypothesize that reappropriation of the neurotropic programs of development may be an appropriate strategy for reconstitution of injured circuits. It has become clear, however, that a significant number of the molecular cues governing circuit development become re-active after injury and many assume roles that paradoxically obstruct the functional re-wiring of severed neural connections. Therefore, the problem to address is how individual neural circuits respond to specific molecular cues following injury, and what strategies will be necessary for instigating functional repair or remodeling of the injured spinal cord.

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Inflammation and axon regeneration

Abstract: In light of the importance of inflammation for neural repair, it is important to identify the specific cell types and molecules responsible for the positive and negative effects of inflammation and to develop treatments that tip the balance to favor repair.

Cited by 220 publications

References 66 publications

Cell biology of spinal cord injury and repair

Cell biology of spinal cord injury and repair

Anti-inflammatory effect of stem cells against spinal cord injury via regulating macrophage polarization

Axon Guidance Molecules and Neural Circuit Remodeling After Spinal Cord Injury

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