Inflammation and cardiovascular risk in dialysis patients

Abstract

A single determination of CRP is a powerful indicator of all cause and cardiovascular death even after a follow-up period of 4 years in patients on hemodialysis treatment.

The Assessment of Oxidative Stress on Patients with Chronic Renal Failure at Different Stages and on Dialysis Patients Receiving Different Hypertensive Treatment

“…Serum albumin level is an indirect indicator of this inflammation. Albumin is a natural anti-oxidant cytokines that arise, notably interleukin-6 prevents direct synthesis of albumin in the liver [32,33]. Furthermore, it is argued that leukocytes could be activated, increasing the production of free oxygen radicals, as a result of not only the blood being in contact with dialysis membrane, which is used during dialysis and is not biocompatible, but also of endotoxins' capability of being transmitted to patients from the system during the process of dialysis [31].…”

Inflammation in Renal Transplantation

“…Patients in the lowest quartile (quartile 1) had an increased mortality risk of about two-fold compared with the chosen reference of quartile 2. There is a linear relationship between CRP and mortality in the general population (12,38) and in the dialysis population (15,16). No J-shaped curves for mortality have been demonstrated in nonrenal (39) or in dialysis patients (40) for the companion inflammation marker IL-6.…”

“…In dialysis patients CRP has been shown to be a marker of all-cause and cardiovascular death (16). It has also been speculated that the better graft survival achieved with preemptive transplantation might be due to less exposure to inflammation markers associated with dialysis (17,18).…”

CD4+/FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells in End-Stage Kidney Disease: Molecular Pathways Trough Cell-Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis

“…Apart from their immune function, circulating T cells may actively participate to atherogenesis, and treatments aimed at reducing T cell activation and apoptosis in patients with ESKD reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease [13]. Evidence exists that patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD) are exposed to enhanced oxidative stress that is initiated by the generation of oxygen free radicals, mainly in tissue and probably in the circulation.…”