Inflammation, immunity and potential target therapy of SARS-COV-2: A total scale analysis review

Abstract

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a complex disease that causes illness ranging from mild to severe respiratory problems. It is caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) that is an enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus belongs to coronavirus CoV family. It has a fast-spreading potential worldwide, which leads to high mortality regardless of lows death rates. Now some vaccines or a specific drug are approved but not available for every country for disease prevention and/or treatment. Therefore, it is a high demand to identify the known drugs and test them as a possible therapeutic approach. In this critical situation, one or more of these drugs may represent the only option to treat or reduce the severity of the disease, until some specific drugs or vaccines will be developed and/or approved for everyone in this pandemic. In this updated review, the available repurpose immunotherapeutic treatment strategies are highlighted, elucidating the crosstalk between the immune system and SARS-CoV-2. Despite the reasonable data availability, the effectiveness and safety of these drugs against SARS-CoV-2 needs further studies and validations aiming for a better clinical outcome.

Brilacidin, a COVID-19 Drug Candidate, demonstrates broad-spectrum antiviral activity against human coronaviruses OC43, 229E and NL63 through targeting both the virus and the host cell

“…In contrast, Calu-3 and Caco-2 endogenously express TMPRSS2 29 , which activates SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on cell surface so virus gets into these cell lines through direct cell membrane fusion. Cathepsin L inhibitor E-64d and TMPRSS2 inhibitor camostat mesylate were included as controls 30 . Our results showed that brilacidin inhibited SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry into all cell lines tested with IC 50 values ranging from 12.0 ± 1.7 to 23.0 ± 1.6 µM (Figure 1).…”

“…The antiviral activity of brilacidin was tested against HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-OC43 in Viral yield reduction (VYR) assays as previously described 30,[40][41][42] .…”

“…Drug time-of-addition experiment was performed as previously described 30,47 . Briefly, RD cells were seeded at 1 ×10 5 cells/well in 12-well plate with cover slip (Cat#: GG-12-…”

“…Drug time-of-addition experiment was performed as previously described 30,47 . Briefly, RD cells were seeded at 1 ×10 5 cells/well in 12-well plate with cover slip (Cat#: GG-12-1.5-PDL, Neuvitro) and infected with HCoV-OC43 at MOI of 1 and 25 µM brilacidin was added at different time points of viral life cycle as illustrated in Figure 3B.…”

Chemical composition and therapeutic mechanism of Xuanbai Chengqi Decoction in the treatment of COVID-19 by network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamic analysis

“…The COVID-19 epidemic has seriously affected people's health, economic development, and social progress all over the world [ 5 ]. Although some COVID-19 vaccines have been approved, they are not available in all countries infected with SARS-CoV-2 [ 6 ]. With the persevering efforts of researchers, several options have been envisaged to control the emerging infections of COVID-19, such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides, oligonucleotide-based therapies, interferon therapies and small molecule drugs.…”