Inflammation in Acne vulgaris: Failure of Skin Micro-Organisms to Modulate Keratinocyte Interleukin 1α Production in vitro

Ingham, Eileen; Walters, C.E.; Eady, E. Anne; Cove, Jonathan H.; Kearney, J. N.; Cunliffe, W.J.

doi:10.1159/000017877

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…IL-1 was detected in normal sebaceous glands [6]and messenger RNA (mRNA) for IL-1α, IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor α are present at multiple sites in normal skin including the sebaceous glands [7]. Cultured human sebocytes also express IL-1α at the mRNA and protein levels [8]and micro-organisms are unable to modulate IL-1α synthesis in sebocytes and follicular keratinocytes in vitro [9, 10]. …”

Section: Action Of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Lipids In Acne Devementioning

confidence: 99%

Is Acne vulgaris a Genuine Inflammatory Disease?

2001

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Section: Action Of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Lipids In Acne Devementioning

confidence: 99%

Is Acne vulgaris a Genuine Inflammatory Disease?

2001

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“…The major arachidonic acid metabolites after stimulation with interleukin 1β are prostaglandin E 2 and leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ), while TNF-α stimulates hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) production. IL1α expression has been detected in follicular keratinocytes and sebocytes in vivo and in vitro [73, 110, 111, 112]. Interestingly, LTB 4 is a natural ligand for PPARα [113, 114], soluble 15-HETE, which is a natural ligand for PPAR-γ [115], is synthesized in human sebaceous glands [116], and PPARs can regulate lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of various cell types including sebocytes [90].…”

Section: Biological Activity Of Hormones In Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Skin: An Independent Peripheral Endocrine Organ

2000

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The historical picture of the endocrine system as a set of discrete hormone-producing organs has been substituted by organs regarded as organized communities in which the cells emit, receive and coordinate molecular signals from established endocrine organs, other distant sources, their neighbors, and themselves. In this wide sense, the human skin and its tissues are targets as well as producers of hormones. Although the role of hormones in the development of human skin and its capacity to produce and release hormones are well established, little attention has been drawn to the ability of human skin to fulfil the requirements of a classic endocrine organ. Indeed, human skin cells produce insulin-like growth factors and -binding proteins, propiomelanocortin derivatives, catecholamines, steroid hormones and vitamin D from cholesterol, retinoids from diet carotenoids, and eicosanoids from fatty acids. Hormones exert their biological effects on the skin through interaction with high-affinity receptors, such as receptors for peptide hormones, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones and thyroid hormones. In addition, the human skin is able to metabolize hormones and to activate and inactivate them. These steps are overtaken in most cases by different skin cell populations in a coordinated way indicating the endocrine autonomy of the skin. Characteristic examples are the metabolic pathways of the corticotropin-releasing hormone/propiomelanocortin axis, steroidogenesis, vitamin D, and retinoids. Hormones exhibit a wide range of biological activities on the skin, with major effects caused by growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1, neuropeptides, sex steroids, glucocorticoids, retinoids, vitamin D, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands, and eicosanoids. At last, human skin produces hormones which are released in the circulation and are important for functions of the entire organism, such as sex hormones, especially in aged individuals, and insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins. Therefore, the human skin fulfils all requirements for being the largest, independent peripheral endocrine organ.

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“…IL1á expression has been detected in follicular keratinocytes and sebocytes in vivo and in vitro 74,[126][127][128] . Enhanced keratinocyte prostaglandin synthesis after UV light injury is also due to increased phospholipase activity 129 .…”

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confidence: 99%

The human skin as a hormone target and an endocrine gland

Zouboulis¹

2004

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Hormones influence the development and function of human skin which also produces and releases hormones. Recently attention has been focused on identifying and understanding the complex endocrine properties of human skin, such as expression and function of specific hormone receptors, synthesis of hormones from major classes of compounds used by the body for general purposes, organized metabolism, activation, inactivation and elimination of the hormones in specialized cells of the tissue, exertion of biological activity and release of tissue hormones in the circulation. Specifically, hormones exert their biological effects on the skin through interaction with high-affinity receptors, such as several receptors for peptide hormones and neurotransmitters, steroid and thyroid hormones. Hormones exhibit a wide range of biological activities on the skin with distinct effects caused by growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I, neuropeptides, sex steroids, glucocorticoids, retinoids, vitamin D, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands, eicosanoids, melatonin and serotonin. Human skin produces, activates or inactivates metabolically numerous hormones which are probably important for skin functions but also for functions of the entire human organism, such as sex hormones, especially in aged individuals, insulin-like growth factor and -binding proteins, neuropeptides, prolactin, catecholamines, retinoids, steroids, vitamin D and eicosanoids. These functions are undertaken in most cases by different skin cell populations in a coordinated way, indicating the endocrine autonomy of the skin. Characteristic examples are the metabolic pathways of the corticotropin-releasing hormone/propiomelanocortin axis, steroidogenesis, vitamin D and retinoids. The human skin is, thus, the largest, peripheral endocrine organ.

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Inflammation in Acne vulgaris: Failure of Skin Micro-Organisms to Modulate Keratinocyte Interleukin 1α Production in vitro

Cited by 32 publications

References 7 publications

Is Acne vulgaris a Genuine Inflammatory Disease?

Is Acne vulgaris a Genuine Inflammatory Disease?

Human Skin: An Independent Peripheral Endocrine Organ

The human skin as a hormone target and an endocrine gland

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