Inflammation in Obesity-Related Complications in Children: The Protective Effect of Diet and Its Potential Role as a Therapeutic Agent

Calcaterra, Valeria; Regalbuto, Corrado; Porri, Debora; Pelizzo, Glória; Mazzon, Emanuela; Vinci, Francesco; Zuccotti, Gian Vincenzo; Fabiano, Valentina; Cena, Hellas

doi:10.3390/biom10091324

Cited by 48 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 150 publications

(182 reference statements)

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“…Knowing and understanding the basic mechanisms associated with obesity-induced inflammation is necessary for therapeutic and even prophylactic programs, preventing irreparable complications. If it is intervened in time, in childhood and adolescence, it is possible to avoid or delay the appearance of these comorbidities [ 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive Markers of Early Cardiovascular Impairment and Insulin Resistance in Obese Pediatric Patients

et al. 2021

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Background: The increased prevalence of obesity among children determined the rising number of its comorbidities in children and adults, too. This study aimed to evaluate certain markers of inflammation and insulin resistance in obese pediatric patients, identifying those who are more likely to develop further complications. Methods: We included 115 obese pediatric patients: 85 overweight and obese patients in the study group and 30 normal-weight patients in the control group. We calculated the body mass index (BMI) and we evaluated markers (biological, inflammatory) and the hormones profile. Results: Low-threshold inflammation was assessed by measuring interleukin 6 IL-6 and Intercellular Adhesion Molecules (ICAM). The analysis showed that IL-6 is significantly correlated with glucose (p = 0.001) and BMI value (p = 0.031). ICAM correlates significantly with triglycerides (p = 0.001), glucose (p = 0.044) and BMI percentile (p = 0.037). For pediatric obese patients, endotoxemia has been significantly correlated only with BMI percentile (p = 0.001). Plasma cortisol did not show significant correlations with total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose or BMI percentile. The results indicated a significant predictive power of BMI percentile on inflammatory markers: IL-6 (AUC = 0.803, p < 0.001), ICAM (AUC = 0.806, p < 0.001) and endotoxemia (AUC = 0.762, p = 0.019). Additionally, BMI percentile has a significant predictive power for metabolic markers of insulin resistance (insulin value: AUC = 0.72, p < 0.001 and HOMA index: AUC = 0.68, p = 0.003). Conclusions: The study highlighted the importance of early markers of cardiovascular risk in obese pediatric patients represented by IL-6, ICAM, endotoxemia and their correlation with metabolic markers of insulin resistance represented by insulinemia, HOMA index and plasma cortisol. It can clearly be considered that the BMI percentile has significant predictive power for metabolic markers of insulin resistance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive Markers of Early Cardiovascular Impairment and Insulin Resistance in Obese Pediatric Patients

et al. 2021

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“…Childhood obesity is a multisystem condition associated with several metabolic diseases [39]. IR is an early manifestation of dysmetabolism in pediatric patients, and is also considered a precursor and risk factor for other cardiovascular diseases [1][2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-Specific Differences in the Relationship between Insulin Resistance and Adiposity Indexes in Children and Adolescents with Obesity

et al. 2021

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New indexes of adiposity have been introduced to evaluate body-fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk. However, data on the correlation between Insulin Resistance (IR) and these new indexes are limited. We therefore evaluated the relationship between IR and adiposity indexes in children and adolescents with obesity, focusing on gender differences. We retrospectively enrolled 586 patients with obesity (10.80 ± 2.63; 306F/279M). As adiposity indexes we considered body mass index (BMI), BMI-z score, WC, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), a body shape index (ABSI), triponderal mass index (TMI), visceral adiposity index (VAI) and conicity index (ConI). The homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HOMA of percentage β-cell function (HOMA-β), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), and triglyceride and glucose index (TyG-index) were measured and recorded as IR surrogates. In both sexes, WC and VAI significantly correlated with all IR measurements (p < 0.001). BMI significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with all IR parameters except for the TyG-index in females. Fat mass and TMI correlated with IR parameters only in females, BMI-z score with IR markers except for HOMA-β in males, WHtR with HOMA-β in both sexes (p < 0.05), free fat mass with HOMA-IR and QUICKI only in females (p < 0.01), ConI correlated with the TyG index in females (p = 0.01). Tryglicerides and SBP were correlated with all IR measurements (p < 0.001), in both sexes. Correlations between different sex parameters were significantly more evident in middle puberty. The relationship between IR surrogates and obesity indexes is influenced by gender in pediatrics. Sex-specific differences in obesity-related complications should be considered in preventive intervention decision-making.

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“…Adipokines regulate insulin sensitivity, endothelial function, energy expenditure, glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation [ 28 ]. Abdominal fat deposition induces several metabolic variations that result in increased hepatic glucose output and decreased insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, leading to diabetes mellitus [ 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Add-On Therapy of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors on Adipokines in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Shaheer

Kumar

Menon³

et al. 2021

J Clin Med Res

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Background: Excess adiposity is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to metabolic changes in the body. Visceral obesity increases the risk of diabetes mellitus through adipocytokines and hence the effective targeting therapies are essential to control obesity in high-risk individuals. The study's main objective was to evaluate the effect of add-on therapy of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors on visceral fat-associated serum adipokines. Methods:The study included 90 subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The blood samples were taken before starting first-line therapy with metformin, 12 weeks after starting metformin therapy and 12 weeks after starting add-on therapy. Serum adipokines were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level was estimated with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The biochemical variables were measured using Cobas ® 6000 analyzer. Results:The mean adiponectin level was significantly elevated with add-on therapy using SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP4 inhibitors (P < 0.001). The mean retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and visfatin levels were reduced considerably (P < 0.001). The SGLT2 inhibitors are more effective on serum FABP4 in patients with type 2 diabetes (P = 0.038). The mean fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) and HbA1c levels were reduced significantly with add-on therapy (P < 0.001). Lipid pro-file was also altered significantly with this add-on therapy (P < 0.001). Conclusions:The results indicate that add-on therapy exerts a beneficial effect in type 2 diabetic patients insufficiently controlled with metformin only by altering the visceral fat-associated adipokine levels and controlling the metabolic activities.

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Inflammation in Obesity-Related Complications in Children: The Protective Effect of Diet and Its Potential Role as a Therapeutic Agent

Cited by 48 publications

References 150 publications

Predictive Markers of Early Cardiovascular Impairment and Insulin Resistance in Obese Pediatric Patients

Predictive Markers of Early Cardiovascular Impairment and Insulin Resistance in Obese Pediatric Patients

Sex-Specific Differences in the Relationship between Insulin Resistance and Adiposity Indexes in Children and Adolescents with Obesity

Effect of Add-On Therapy of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors on Adipokines in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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