“…Clinically, the number of EVs has been observed to increase in the bloodstream of patients suffering from acute and chronic inflammation evoked by diseases such as sepsis, stroke, preeclampsia, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and cancer Boulanger et al, 2006;Koga et al, 2005;Mostefai et al, 2008;Petrozella et al, 2012;Simak et al, 2006). Several studies have reported that EVs mediate intercellular communica-tions by releasing encapsulated materials such as messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and proteins, to target cells (Al-Nedawi et al, 2009Fujita et al, 2014;Kawamoto et al, 2012;Tominaga et al, 2015;Waldenstrom et al, 2012;Yamamoto et al, 2015). This review summarizes and discusses the current understanding of the pathophysiological role of EVs in various diseases.…”