Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Insulin Resistance, and Hypertension as Mediators for Adverse Effects of Obesity on the Brain: a Review

Ghowsi, Mahnaz; Qalekhani, Farshad; Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein; Mahmudi, F; Yousofvand, Namdar; Joshi, Tanuj

doi:10.37796/2211-8039.1174

Cited by 32 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…CHMs in Taiwan are safe and high in quality due to strict controls, batch-by-batch inspection of Chinese medicinal materials, and preparation by stabilizing and strengthening the implementation of GMP pharmaceutical industry. [47,48] It is worth noting that concomitant use of a CHM prescription for activating blood and removing blood stasis with WM could engender serious herb-drug interactions leading to complications due to increases or decreases in the pharmacologic effect of either component. For instance, heparin, which is used in the dialytic extracorporeal circuit to prevent clotting, could increase bleeding risk if taken in combination with Rx.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Juan Bi Tang, a traditional Chinese medicine, for alleviating pain related to arteriovenous fistula in maintenance hemodialysis patients: An interventional pilot study with brief review

Hsu,

Chen,

et al. 2023

Medicine

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Myofascial pain around an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) during hemodialysis (HD) can affect a patient compliance with HD and quality of life. Prolonged use of analgesics is often associated with increased adverse events. Juan Bi Tang (JBT) is an ancient decoction of Chinese traditional medicinal plants commonly used to treat spasms and pain in the shoulder and upper arm, and it is popularly believed to have favorable outcomes in Asian populations. This interventional prospective pilot study was worked to demonstrate the potential of JBT for fistula-associated myofascial pain in HD patients and to prepare for future randomized controlled trials. Eligible patients were enrolled in this study and took JBT to treat fistula-associated myofascial pain for 4 weeks. Pain scores on a visual analogue scale (VAS) were reported at baseline, after a 4-week intervention, and 2 weeks after completion of treatment. The Kidney Disease Quality of Life 36-Item Short Form and a safety laboratory monitor were statistically compared between different time points. A total of 20 patients were selected as eligible participants and completed the intervention and questionnaires. The mean VAS score was significantly reduced after JBT treatment (P < .01). Participants reported improved physical (P < .01) and mental health (P < .05) after treatment. However, only improvements in mental health were preserved 2 weeks after the end of treatment (P < .05). In this study, complementary JBT for HD patients with fistula-related myofascial pain was viable and well tolerated, and it demonstrated the expected effects on pain control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Juan Bi Tang, a traditional Chinese medicine, for alleviating pain related to arteriovenous fistula in maintenance hemodialysis patients: An interventional pilot study with brief review

Hsu,

Chen,

et al. 2023

Medicine

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“…It is widely reported that oxidative stress is responsible for the impaired cognitive function in various pathological conditions [45,46]. Consequently, we detected the changes in oxidant activity in the whole brain.…”

Section: Ee Attenuated Oxidative Stress In Brain Of Sae Ratsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Environmental Enrichment Protects Against Cognition Deficits Caused by Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy

Tang¹,

Duan²,

Ge³

et al. 2022

J. Integr. Neurosci.

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Background: One of the most serious complications of sepsis is sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), which impairs the cognition ability of survivors. Environmental enrichment (EE) has been demonstrated to alleviate cognition deficits under many kinds of brain injury conditions. However, EE's effects on SAE remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to determine EE's effect on cognition disorders under SAE conditions and the underlying mechanism. Materials and Methods: Adult male rats, subject to SAE or not, were housed under a standard environment (SE) or EE for 30 days. Subsequently, the rats were subjected to cognitive tests, such as the novel object recognition (NOR) test, the Morris water maze (MWM) test, an Open Field (OF) test, the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, and a sensory neglect (SN) test. Neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress changes in the brain were also detected. Results: The results revealed that SAE impaired somatesthesia, recognition memory, spatial learning and memory, and exploratory activity, which were significantly improved by EE housing. EE also prevented SAE-induced anxiety-like behavior. In addition, EE housing capable induced a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines, and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant properties in the brain. Moreover, EE housing exerted an anti-apoptosis function by upregulating the level of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) level and downregulating the level of p53 level in the hippocampus. Conclusions: The results of the present study indicated that EE exerts a neuroprotective function on cognitive ability in SAE rats. The effect is achieved by increasing antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic capacities. EE can effectively rescue SAE-induced cognitive deficits.

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“…TLR4 is a type I transmembrane protein that can be activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and can induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons [14][15][16]. The TLR4 pathway is expressed primarily in microglia and is crucial for regulating inflammatory responses [17][18][19][20]. During inflammation in the CNS, the innate immune system, including microglia, is activated by TLR4.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroacupuncture Reduces Fibromyalgia Pain via Neuronal/Microglial Inactivation and Toll-like Receptor 4 in the Mouse Brain: Precise Interpretation of Chemogenetics

Tsai,

Yang,

Liao

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex, chronic, widespread pain syndrome that can cause significant health and economic burden. Emerging evidence has shown that neuroinflammation is an underlying pathological mechanism in FM. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key mediators of the immune system. TLR4 is expressed primarily in microglia and regulates downstream signaling pathways, such as MyD88/NF-κB and TRIF/IRF3. It remains unknown whether electroacupuncture (EA) has therapeutic benefit in attenuating FM pain and what role the TLR4 pathway may play in this effect. We compared EA with sham EA to eliminate the placebo effect due to acupuncture. We demonstrated that intermittent cold stress significantly induced an increase in mechanical and thermal FM pain in mice (mechanical: 2.48 ± 0.53 g; thermal: 5.64 ± 0.32 s). EA but not sham EA has an analgesic effect on FM mice. TLR4 and inflammatory mediator-related molecules were increased in the thalamus, medial prefrontal cortex, somatosensory cortex (SSC), and amygdala of FM mice, indicating neuroinflammation and microglial activation. These molecules were reduced by EA but not sham EA. Furthermore, a new chemogenetics method was used to precisely inhibit SSC activity that displayed an anti-nociceptive effect through the TLR4 pathway. Our results imply that the analgesic effect of EA is associated with TLR4 downregulation. We provide novel evidence that EA modulates the TLR4 signaling pathway, revealing potential therapeutic targets for FM pain.

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Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Insulin Resistance, and Hypertension as Mediators for Adverse Effects of Obesity on the Brain: a Review

Cited by 32 publications

References 79 publications

Juan Bi Tang, a traditional Chinese medicine, for alleviating pain related to arteriovenous fistula in maintenance hemodialysis patients: An interventional pilot study with brief review

Juan Bi Tang, a traditional Chinese medicine, for alleviating pain related to arteriovenous fistula in maintenance hemodialysis patients: An interventional pilot study with brief review

Environmental Enrichment Protects Against Cognition Deficits Caused by Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy

Electroacupuncture Reduces Fibromyalgia Pain via Neuronal/Microglial Inactivation and Toll-like Receptor 4 in the Mouse Brain: Precise Interpretation of Chemogenetics

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