Inflammatory and Immune‐Mediated Muscle Disorders

Durward‐Akhurst, S. A.; Valberg, Stephanie J.

doi:10.1002/9781119086512.ch12

Cited by 2 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The atrophy is rapid and can involve 40% of the gluteal and epaxial muscles within 48 hours and usually persists for months. 11 Severely affected horses may develop generalized weakness and frequent episodes of recumbency.…”

Section: Signalment and Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14,49 The pathognomonic finding on serum biochemistry is hyperphosphatemia with a product of the serum calcium (Ca) concentration (mg/dl) multiplied by the serum phosphorous (P) concentration (mg/dl) of >65. 11,49 Other biochemistry findings depend on the affected calcified tissues but include azotemia, hypoalbuminemia, and substantial elevations in serum CK and AST activities. 14,49…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…40 The reason for the elevated Ca Â P calculation in horses with systemic calcinosis is unknown but is thought to occur due to the presence of inflammation. 11 Although the presence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a alone is insufficient to promote osteoclastogenesis, the addition of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) leads to synergistic effects with TNF-a and production of multinucleated osteoclasts, leading to the syndrome known as inflammatory osteolysis. 27 The synergistic effects of TNF-a and RANKL and subsequent bone resorption may be sufficient to lead to the hyperphosphatemia seen in patients with systemic calcinosis.…”

Section: Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 A small number of horses from non-Quarter Horse breeds have been evaluated with a history of acute or chronic muscle atrophy and lymphocytic infiltrates in affected muscle biopsy specimens. 11 The gluteal and epaxial muscles were predominantly affected, but other muscle groups were reported to be involved. 11 The underlying pathophysiology of disease in these horses is not understood.…”

Section: Treatment and Prognosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 The gluteal and epaxial muscles were predominantly affected, but other muscle groups were reported to be involved. 11 The underlying pathophysiology of disease in these horses is not understood.…”

Section: Treatment and Prognosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immune-Mediated Muscle Diseases of the Horse

Durward‐Akhurst

Valberg

2017

Vet Pathol

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In horses, immune-mediated muscle disorders can arise from an overzealous immune response to concurrent infections or potentially from an inherent immune response to host muscle antigens. Streptococcus equi ss. equi infection or vaccination can result in infarctive purpura hemorrhagica (IPH) in which vascular deposition of IgA-streptococcal M protein complexes produces ischemia and complete focal infarction of skeletal muscle and internal organs. In Quarter Horse-related breeds with immune-mediated myositis, an apparent abnormal immune response to muscle antigens results in upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class (MHC) I and II on muscle cell membranes, lymphocytic infiltration of lumbar and gluteal myofibers, and subsequent gross muscle atrophy. Rarely, an inflammatory event results in myositis with subsequent systemic calcinosis characterized by a pathognomonic hyperphosphatemia and high fatality rate. This review presents an overview of these immune-mediated myopathies and highlights clinical and pathological features as well as the suspected pathophysiology.

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Section: Signalment and Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Treatment and Prognosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Treatment and Prognosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immune-Mediated Muscle Diseases of the Horse

Durward‐Akhurst

Valberg

2017

Vet Pathol

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Systemic calcinosis in a Quarter Horse gelding homozygous for a myosin heavy chain 1 mutation

Sponseller

Wong

Ruby

et al. 2022

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Case Description: A 9-year-old Quarter Horse gelding was presented for lethargy, decreased appetite, polyuria and polydipsia (PU/PD), and severe muscle wasting suggestive of immune-mediated myositis. Clinical Findings: The horse displayed lethargy, fever, tachyarrhythmia, inappetence, PU/PD, and severe epaxial and gluteal muscle wasting. Clinicopathologic findings were consistent with previously reported cases of systemic calcinosis in horses, including increased muscle enzyme activity, hyperphosphatemia, increased calciumphosphorus product, hypoproteinemia, and an inflammatory leukogram. A diagnosis of systemic calcinosis was established by histopathologic evaluation of biopsy specimens from skeletal muscle, lung, and kidney. Treatment and Outcome: Symptomatic treatment was complemented by IV treatment with sodium thiosulfate to reverse calcium-phosphate precipitation in soft tissue and PO aluminum hydroxide to decrease intestinal phosphorus absorption and serum phosphorus concentration.Clinical Relevance: This is the first report in the veterinary literature of an antemortem diagnosis of systemic calcinosis in the horse that was successfully treated and had favorable long-term outcome.

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Inflammatory and Immune‐Mediated Muscle Disorders

Cited by 2 publications

References 42 publications

Immune-Mediated Muscle Diseases of the Horse

Immune-Mediated Muscle Diseases of the Horse

Systemic calcinosis in a Quarter Horse gelding homozygous for a myosin heavy chain 1 mutation

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