Objective. We investigated the effects of transforming growth factor Pl (TGFP1) on monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystal-induced acute inflammation in vivo.Methods. One hour after MSU crystal-induced acute inflammation was produced in the rat subcutaneous air pouch model, the effects of recombinant human TGFPl (rHuTGFP1; 10-100 pglanimal) and ultrapure TGFPl (UPTGFPI; 100 and 500 pglanimal) were assessed, based on absolute and differential white blood cell counts in the exudate. The effects of 10 pg of rHuTGFP1 preincubated with a specific anti-TGFP antibody, and the effects of coinjection of crystals and rHuTGFP1, were also studied.Results. UPTGFPl and rHuTGFPl markedly reduced MSU crystal-induced inflammation. Recombinant human TGFPl also reduced inflammation when administered concomitantly with MSU crystals. Moreover, rHuTGFPl and UPTGFP1, injected l hour after MSU crystal injection, reduced the inflammatory response in a dose-dependent manner. Injection of rHuTGFPl (100 pglanimal) resulted in a >9w0 reduction in the maximal white blood cell count, achieved 6 hours after Spontaneous resolution is an important clinical feature of gouty attacks that is not yet fully understood (1,2). Lowering of pH and stimulation of phagocyte oxidative metabolism during crystal-induced inflammation may promote monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystal dissolution. However, this cannot entirely explain the self-limited nature of gouty inflammation, since MSU crystals can remain in the synovial fluid after acute inflammation and have been identified in noninflammatory synovial fluids from gout patients (3).In vitro (4) and in vivo ( 5 ) studies have shown that changes in the protein coating of MSU crystals and in other as-yet-unidentified components that are generated locally during subsiding inflammation probably contribute to the self-limited nature of acute gouty arthritis (6). There is strong in vitro evidence that proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-lP (ILlP), tumor necrosis factor P (TNFP), IL-6, and IL-8 (7-1 1) are released within hours when monocytes and macrophages are incubated with MSU crystals. Natural cytokine inhibitors such as IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and/or soluble TNFa receptor, or other regulatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10, may block acute and subsequent chronic inflammation.