Inflammatory components of human tear fluid

Thakur, Archana; Willcox, Mark; Morris, Carol A.; Holden, Brien A.

doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.1996.tb00983.x

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The authors have speculated that the protease cleavage of lactoferrin to smaller peptide fragments may occur in vivu. Plasmin present in tears [26] may similarly cleave lactoferrin into these fragments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergic antistaphylococcal properties of lactoferrin and lysozyme

Leitch¹,

Willcox

1998

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Staphylococcus epidermidis colonises a wide range of implanted prosthetic devices, but rarely contact lenses -despite a similarity in material composition. A conceivable explanation for this anomaly is the action of the tear defences, including the constitutive proteins lactoferrin and lysozyme. Therefore this study investigated the effect of lactoferrin, lysozyme and serum on the growth of S. epidermidis isolates in artificial tear fluid. Whether supplemented with serum alone or serum with either apolactoferrin or lysozyme, this medium induced a similar, strain-variable effect. However, simultaneous addition of these proteins induced a greater bactericidal or bacteristatic effect. Of those strains killed by the concerted action of apolactoferrin and lysozyme, the absence of serum led to a further increase in the bactericidal effect, whereas strains displaying bacteriostasis were unaffected by serum. Iron saturation of lactoferrin reversed the antimicrobial synergy of apolactoferrin and lysozyme. These results show synergy between lactoferrin and lysozyme which is dependent on the iron limitation of lactoferrin. As a bactericidal mechanism, this synergy is augmented by serum, but bacteriostasis remains unaffected by serum supplemention. Thus, the combination of lysozyme and lactoferrin may partly explain the low level of contact lens colonisation by S. epidermidis in vivo.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergic antistaphylococcal properties of lactoferrin and lysozyme

Leitch¹,

Willcox

1998

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…Application of multiple antibodies resulted in enhanced chemotactic activity, perhaps due to antigen-antibody complex activating the complement system to generate higher levels of C3a or C5a. We have recently established that complement factors are present in tears and functionally active (Willcox et al, 1997 ;Thakur et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemotactic Activity of Tears and Bacteria Isolated During Adverse Responses

Thakur

Willcox

1998

Experimental Eye Research

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Thakur

Willcox

Stapleton

1998

Journal of Clinical Immunology

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The tear film plays an important role in the defense of the external ocular surface. During sleep a number of changes take place, including increased production and release of various inflammatory mediators. We have studied the hypothesis that closed-eye tears contain proinflammatory cytokines and lipid inflammatory mediators, which serve to recruit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and regulate the function of PMNs and IgA during sleep. We investigated interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and platelet activating factor (PAF) in open and closed-eye tears of normal healthy subjects. Results showed that IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, LTB4, and PAF were present in high levels in closed-eye tears compared to open-eye tears. Closed-eye tears were able to recruit neutrophils, with maximal recruitment after 8 hr of sleep, suggesting that chemokine IL-8 and the lipid chemoattractant LTB4 were active. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that incubation of neutrophils with closed-eye tears up-regulated the surface expression of IgA receptor, indicating that the GM-CSF in tears was functionally active. Up-regulation of cytokines and the lipid inflammatory mediator LTB4 during eye closure are noteworthy, as each of these cytokines has an established role in initiation and amplification of the inflammatory response. IL-8 and LTB4 may act as potent chemoattractants and activators for PMNs, whereas IL-6 and GM-CSF potentiate the secretion and function of IgA and enhance neutrophil responsiveness to proinflammatory agonists.

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Inflammatory components of human tear fluid

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Synergic antistaphylococcal properties of lactoferrin and lysozyme

Synergic antistaphylococcal properties of lactoferrin and lysozyme

Chemotactic Activity of Tears and Bacteria Isolated During Adverse Responses

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