Inflammatory cytokine profiles in eyes with primary angle-closure glaucoma

Abstract

Acute primary angle-closure (APAC) eyes show an early ‘acute inflammatory’ condition, while the inflammation condition has not been fully elucidated in the development of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). To evaluate the roles of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of PACG, this cross-sectional study involved 40 eyes of 32 PACG patients who required trabeculectomy and 24 eyes of 24 patients who required cataract surgery. The aqueous humor samples were collected at the time of surgery. Fifteen inflammatory cytokines were detected using the multiplex bead immunoassay technique, and the clinical information was recorded for the correlation analysis. Eight of the 15 cytokines were all detectable in both groups, including granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, MCP-3, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). When compared with the cataract patients, the MCP-3, MDC, and VEGF levels were elevated in the PACG patients, while the MCP-1 and MIP-1β levels were decreased. However, the G-CSF, IL-6, and IL-8 levels were similar between the two groups. The MCP-1 concentration was elevated accordingly as the disease progressed in the PACG patients. Our results suggest the PACG eyes retained a ‘mild inflammation’ condition in the aqueous humor, and MCP-1 may play an important role in the progression of this disease.

Tear Film Cytokine Profile of Patients With the Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 1: Comparing Patients With and Without Glaucoma

“…[30][31][32][33]35,37,38,42 In comparison, patients with chronic angle closure glaucoma have shown increased levels of IP-10 and VEGF, and lower levels of MCP-1, TNF-α, and GM-CSF. 40,41 In our study, IOP elevation was associated with increased concentrations of IFN-ɣ and IL-1β in tear fluid, also significantly correlated with CDR. Although some cytokines and chemokines have been correlated to visual field loss, 37 we were not able to highlight correlations between cytokine concentrations and visual field indices.…”

“…We selected a panel of inflammatory cytokines involved in immune and inflammatory responses and which have been investigated and observed in glaucoma in several prior reports. [32][33][34][35][36][38][39][40][41][42] The cytokine levels of IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17A, interferon gamma-induced protein (IP)-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB/BB, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), TNF-α, VEGF, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-basic, eotaxin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IFN-γ were measured using a 27plex Luminex magnetic bead-based multiplex immunoassay (Milliplex Human Cytokine Panel A [HCYTA-60K-27]; EMD Millipore, Merck, MA, USA) at Princess Margaret Genomics Centre, Toronto, Canada (www.pmgenomics.ca). This assay has been validated for human tears in several prior reports.…”

“…28,29 Primary open and closed angle glaucoma have been associated with elevated levels of cytokines in tears and aqueous humor involved in inflammation, namely IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, interferon (IFN)-γ , monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, TNFα, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which in turn have been associated with increased IOP and suspected to have a role in RGC death and the pathogenesis of glaucoma. [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] Nonetheless, no studies have yet investigated the composition of ocular fluids, including tears, of KPro patients with glaucoma, possibly because of the KPro patient population not being as large as other ophthalmic patient populations, as well as the technical challenge of small tear volumes in general.…”

Comparison of cytokine/chemokine levels in aqueous humor of primary open-angle glaucoma patients with positive or negative outcome following trabeculectomy

“…MCP-1 was also shown to be a pro-fibrotic agent in other organs [44–46]. Additionally, an involvement of MCP-2 [47] and MCP-3 [48] in glaucoma and its treatment were described.…”

Associations between the red blood cell distribution width and primary angle-closure glaucoma: a potential for disease prediction

“…Because of the potential roles of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the development of these diseases, mediators reflecting these processes, such as the RDW, might be associated with the all-cause mortality risk. As such, the association between the RDW and glaucoma has been suggested to be mediated through oxidative stress [27], chronic inflammation [28] and endothelial dysfunction [29].…”