Inflammatory factors and immunoglobulins alterations in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with squalene

Martirosyan, Danik; Ashoori, Mohammad Reza; Mikaeili, Afsaneh Seyed; Pezeshki, Shaghayegh; Serani, Anna; Lee, Michelle; Mirmiranpour, Hossein

doi:10.31989/ffs.v2i8.979

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Levels of IgG had fluctuations throughout the trial, but all groups saw a decrease by the end of the trial, unlike for IgM which increased in all groups [24]. The results of this study showed that consumption at any dosage of squalene can lead to improvements in some inflammatory and immunoglobulin parameters, however these improvements differ according to dosage and time of consumption.…”

Section: Quantum and Tempus Theories Of Functional Food Science In Pr...mentioning

confidence: 57%

“…In the study, levels of IL-1α and IL-4 saw a significant decrease by the 14th day in participants consuming 600 mg of squalene [24]. Similar to IL-1β and IgA, the different doses of IL-1α saw the most reductions on days 56-84 compared to participants not consuming squalene [24].…”

Section: Quantum and Tempus Theories Of Functional Food Science In Pr...mentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Multiple studies that have been conducted have focused on identifying the BC and the foods they are present in, the effect that they have on people, and the mechanism by which they produce the effect [23]. This can be done For example, the critical amount in short term consumption was a larger dose of the BC, while the critical amount in long term consumption was a lower dose [11,14,[24][25]. Furthermore, the studies discussed in this paper were led in part by Dr. Danik Martirosyan, who is a co-author of this paper.…”

Section: Tempus Theory Of Functional Food Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study focusing on inflammatory factors and immunoglobulins that was referenced in Table 2 looked at the effects of different dosages of squalene across 84 days on inflammatory biomarkers of diabetic patients including interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-4 (IL-4), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) [24]. In the study, levels of IL-1α and IL-4 saw a significant decrease by the 14th day in participants consuming 600 mg of squalene [24]. Similar to IL-1β and IgA, the different doses of IL-1α saw the most reductions on days 56-84 compared to participants not consuming squalene [24].…”

Section: Quantum and Tempus Theories Of Functional Food Science In Pr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantum and Tempus Theories of Functional Food Science: Establishment of dosage and time of consumption of functional food products

Martirosyan¹,

Sanchez

2022

FFS

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Over the years the United States has seen an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases. For that reason, there has also been an increased need in products that can prevent or manage symptoms of disease. Functional food products are food products that contain bioactive compounds that have been shown to produce beneficial effects that increase health. The Functional Food Center has previously a 16-step process to develop functional food products and bring them to the market. As part of this process, researchers should establish the appropriate dosage of a bioactive compound at which the product can be consumed safely, and it can effectively improve health parameters. Previously, we suggested that Quantum theory of functional food science could be useful for finding the critical amount at which a bioactive compound will cause enough chain reactions to influence health and biomarkers of disease. In this paper, we propose that a new step be added to the 16-step process making the total steps to bring a functional food product to the market 17. This new step should occur after establishing the appropriate dose and should focus on establishing the appropriate time of consumption using the Tempus theory of functional food science. The word Tempus comes from the latin word for time. Similar to dosage, time of consumption can impact the effectiveness of a bioactive compound, which is why this new step is important. Recent studies on diabetic patients have applied the Quantum and Tempus theories of functional food science to determine the appropriate range of dosage and time of consumption at which squalene, which is a bioactive compound belonging to the triterpene class, can improve parameters of health in diabetics. The studies found that consumption of squalene improves parameters of health in diabetic patients, however higher doses produced the effects in less time than lower doses. Although the studies were able to provide more information about the appropriate dose and time range for consuming the bioactive compound in that population, more research is needed to find the exact ranges.Keywords: functional food product, bioactive compound, dosage, time, quantum theory of functional food science, tempus theory of functional food science

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Section: Quantum and Tempus Theories Of Functional Food Science In Pr...mentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Quantum and Tempus Theories Of Functional Food Science In Pr...mentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Tempus Theory Of Functional Food Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quantum and Tempus Theories Of Functional Food Science In Pr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Quantum and Tempus Theories of Functional Food Science: Establishment of dosage and time of consumption of functional food products

Martirosyan¹,

Sanchez

2022

FFS

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“…Squalene is a natural, bioactive compound commonly found in shark oil, olive oil, and some vegetable oils [1][2][3][4]. This 30-carbon triterpenoid, or isoprenoid, is reported to have antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-atherosclerotic properties [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of squalene effect on antioxidant enzymes and free radicals in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Martirosyan¹,

Ashoori

Serani

et al. 2022

BCHD

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Background: Diabetes mellitus as a metabolic disease can have serious consequences. Due to their chemical properties,bioactive compounds can play a role in diabetes management. Squalene is a natural oil and bioactive compound. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of squalene have been discussed in recent studies. Squalene plays a role in controlling diabetes by maintaining the oxidant/antioxidant balance.Objective: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effect of different doses of squalene, on different days, on the levels of some oxidative indices and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in groups of people with type 2 diabetes and compare them with each other and healthy people.Methods: 150 individuals were recruited in this study. These individuals were separated into five groups. Group one contained 30 individuals, representing the healthy control group. Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 included subjects with type 2 diabetes. Each of the subjects in groups 3, 4 and 5 received squalene in doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg as an oral capsule (liquid filled oral), respectively for 84 days. Subjects in Group 2 did not receive squalene. Catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (as antioxidant indicators) activities and the levels of hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species (as oxidant indicators) were assayed.Results: In 84 days, a statistically significant difference (P value < 0.05) was observed in all the diabetic groups compared to the healthy group. In the comparison between groups receiving squalene with each other, there was a significant increase (P value < 0.05) in catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, depending on squalene dose and time. There was not a statistically significant (P value > 0.05) increase in glutathione peroxidase activity. Statistically significant changes in oxidative indices were not dose-dependent or time-dependent.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, a dose of 600 mg of squalene in 84 days is effective in increasing catalase and superoxide dismutase activity and reducing hydrogen peroxide levels. Squalene can play an important role in controlling and reducing the consequences of diabetes caused by changes in the oxidant/antioxidant balance.Keywords: squalene, type 2 diabetes, T2D, antioxidant enzymes, bioactive compounds, free radicals

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Investigating the changes of the components of the Krebs cycle in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with squalene

Mirmiranpour

Ashoori

Mikaeili

et al. 2023

BCHD

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Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that impairs the body’s ability to regulate glucose. Recent studies have shown that squalene, a bioactive compound, has shown promising potential in increasing ATP levels for diabetic patients and aged individuals.Objective: Our main goal was to evaluate the cellular effects of different doses of squalene on the intermediates and enzymes of Krebs cycle, in order to determine if squalene increases ATP production among groups of people with type 2 diabetes. The intermediates and enzymes that are being studied are acetyl coenzyme (A-CoA), alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (AKGDH), calcium ion (Ca2+), citrate synthase (CS), isocitrate dehydrogenase, oxaloacetate, and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex component (PDH).Methods: In this study, 30 healthy volunteers were selected as the healthy control group (group 1) and 120 volunteers with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected. Subjects with diabetes were randomly divided into 4 groups. Group 2 was untreated with squalene and groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 200, 400 and 600 mg of squalene, respectively for 84 days. Intermediates and enzymes of the Krebs cycle as well as calcium ion were assayed on days 1, 14, 28, 56, and 84 according to the relevant protocols in all groups.Results: The squalene-treated diabetic groups were compared to group 2 that was not treated any squalene to determine the differences of the parameters. Throughout these 84 days, it was observed that only calcium levels increased in the diabetic patients with high statistical difference (P < 0.05). The other parameters: acetyl coenzyme, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, oxaloacetate, and pyruvate dehydrogenase did not have a significant difference (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the addition of various doses of squalene to a diabetic patient's diet increases the amount of calcium found in their metabolic process in relation to the Krebs cycle. As calcium is responsible for stimulating the Krebs Cycle, it is evident that squalene plays an important part in ATP production.Keywords: squalene, type 2 diabetes, Krebs cycle, calcium, ATP

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Inflammatory factors and immunoglobulins alterations in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with squalene

Cited by 8 publications

References 29 publications

Quantum and Tempus Theories of Functional Food Science: Establishment of dosage and time of consumption of functional food products

Quantum and Tempus Theories of Functional Food Science: Establishment of dosage and time of consumption of functional food products

Assessment of squalene effect on antioxidant enzymes and free radicals in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Investigating the changes of the components of the Krebs cycle in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with squalene

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