Inflammatory Markers and Plasma Lipids in HIV Patients: A Correlation Analysis Study

Abstract

Background:Recent evidence suggests that HIV infection, even with treatment, increases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and that both chronic inflammation and traditional risk factors play key roles in HIV-associated CHD.Subjects and Methods:Patients (N=152), attending Harare HIV clinic, 26% of them male and 82% of them on antiretroviral therapy (ART), were studied. Inflammatory markers comprising of cytokines such as pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α, (TNF-α), anti-inflammatory interleukin 10, (IL-10) and highly sensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP) together with lipids were assayed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immuno-turbidimetric and enzymatic assays, respectively. Correlation analysis of inflammatory markers versus lipid profiles was carried out using bivariate regression analysis.Results:Anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and inflammatory hsCRP levels were elevated when measured in all the HIV positive patients, while TNF-α and lipid levels were within normal ranges. Pro-inflammatory TNF-α was significantly higher in ART-naive patients than ART-experienced patients, whereas the reverse was observed for anti-inflammatory IL-10 and anti-atherogenic HDL-C. Correlation analysis indicated a significant positive linear association between IL-10 and total cholesterol (TC) levels but no other correlations were found.Conclusion:High cytokine ratio (TNF-α/IL-10) indicates higher CHD risk in ART-naive patients compared to the ART-exposed. The CHD risk could be further strengthened by interplay between inflammatory markers and high prevalence of low HDL-C. Lack of correlation between pro-inflammatory markers (hsCRP and TNF-α) with lipid fractions and correlation between anti-inflammatory IL-10 with artherogenic TC were unexpected findings, necessitating further studies in future.

Combining Calcium Phosphates with Polysaccharides: A Bone-Inspired Material Modulating Monocyte/Macrophage Early Inflammatory Response

“…As expected, LPS increased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-8 with a neglecting increase in IL-10 secretion. Regarding the release of TNF-α pro-inflammatory and IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokines and the implication of IL-10 in the negative regulation of TNF-α signaling, it is largely described in the literature that the ratio between these cytokines could serve as an index of pro- to anti-inflammatory immune homeostasis [ 24 , 25 ]. Thus, TNF-α/IL-10 index under LPS stimulation was about 7.12, reflecting a high inflammatory environment.…”

“…Biomaterial roughness has been shown to influence the inflammatory profile and the macrophage polarization [ 23 , 24 ]. Except the decrease in substrate stiffness [≈2 GPa and 6 GPa for CaP-CHI-HA and CaP, respectively], amalgamation of CaP with biopolymers did not affect the physical properties of the substrate including thickness and roughness [ 8 ].…”

Lipid profile of antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected patients attending infectious diseases service of University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

“…Regarding to the atherogenic risk, the 2 most important parameters in dyslipidaemia are HDL-C and TG compared to changes in TC and LDL-C [10]. Acute infection [4,5] and HIV infection are the basis of lipid abnormalities [6,8,13].…”

“…These changes occur during the acute phase, convalescence and after complete recovery. HIV infection is a chronic infection in which changes in the lipid pro ile and markers of humoral and cellular immunity have also been observed [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. These lipid abnormalities are related to changes in humoral and cellular immunity and are correlated with immune status and clinical course of HIV infection, which worsens when the immune de iciency widens.…”

“…[3,6,10,16] The data for HIV-related dyslipidaemia are very variable. Dyslipidaemia in HIV/AIDS is characterized by total hypocholesterolaemia, decrease of HDL-C and LDL-C and increase of triglycerides and VLDL [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Hypocholesterolaemia is usually early and is associated with an immune dysfunction [14].…”