Inflammatory markers and their possible effects on cognitive function in women with posttraumatic stress disorder

Imai, Ryota; Hori, Hiroaki; Itoh, Mariko; Lin, Mingming; Niwa, Madoka; Ino, Keiko; Ogawa, Sei; Ishida, Makiko; Sekiguchi, Atsushi; Matsui, Mié; Kunugi, Hiroshi; Akechi, Tatsuo; Kamo, Toshiko; Kim, Yoshiharu

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.04.009

Cited by 51 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Among them, IL‐6 is the best studied proinflammatory marker, for which a significant increase in patients with PTSD is almost consistently shown in a meta‐analysis and in most subsequent studies, including ours; in a Japanese female sample, we reported significantly higher serum IL‐6 levels in women with PTSD than in healthy control women (Fig. ) . In addition to the differences in basal levels of inflammatory markers, several studies have described altered production of proinflammatory cytokines in response to immune challenges in PTSD patients compared to controls .…”

Section: Inflammation and Ptsdsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…An increasing number of studies have shown that individuals with PTSD exhibit significantly elevated blood levels of inflammatory markers, such as IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and CRP, relative to healthy control subjects (Table 18,23–34 ). Among them, IL‐6 is the best studied proinflammatory marker, for which a significant increase in patients with PTSD is almost consistently shown in a meta‐analysis and in most subsequent studies, including ours; in a Japanese female sample, we reported significantly higher serum IL‐6 levels in women with PTSD than in healthy control women (Fig. ) .…”

Section: Inflammation and Ptsdsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…There was a significant difference between groups (according to Mann–Whitney U ‐test). Adapted from Imai et al . with permission.…”

Section: Inflammation and Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Somewhat in agreement with this, several cross‐sectional studies have reported that remitted patients with PTSD and healthy controls do not significantly differ in proinflammatory marker levels, suggesting that heightened inflammation in these patients may not be a preexisting trait; however, the possibility cannot be ruled out that the increased proinflammatory activity that lasted from before PTSD onset is normalized after (or owing to) the treatment of the illness. Findings on correlations between PTSD severity and levels of inflammatory markers have been mixed, such that some studies observed significant positive correlation whereas others reported absence of such significant correlation …”

Section: Inflammation and Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perhaps in line with these mixed findings, IL‐6 levels in our patients with PTSD showed considerable variation, overlapping substantially with those in controls (Fig. ) . It is therefore conceivable that a significant subset of, but not all, individuals with PTSD exhibit increased inflammation.…”

Section: Inflammation and Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inflammation and post‐traumatic stress disorder

Hori

Kim

2019

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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276

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While post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is currently diagnosed based solely on classic psychological and behavioral symptoms, a growing body of evidence has highlighted a link between this disorder and alterations in the immune and inflammatory systems. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that PTSD is associated with significantly increased rates of physical comorbidities in which immune dysregulation is involved, such as metabolic syndrome, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune diseases. In line with this, a number of blood biomarker studies have reported that compared to healthy controls, individuals with PTSD exhibit significantly elevated levels of proinflammatory markers, such as interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and C‐reactive protein. Moreover, various lines of animal and human research have suggested that inflammation is not only associated with PTSD but also can play an important role in its pathogenesis and pathophysiology. In this review, we first summarize evidence suggestive of increased inflammation in PTSD. We then examine findings that suggest possible mechanisms of inflammation in this disorder in terms of two different but interrelated perspectives: putative causes of increased proinflammatory activities and potential consequences that inflammation generates. Given that there is currently a dearth of treatment options for PTSD, possibilities of new therapeutic approaches using pharmacological and non‐pharmacological treatments/interventions that have anti‐inflammatory effects are also discussed. Despite the increasing attention given to the inflammatory pathology of PTSD, there remains much to be elucidated, including more detailed mechanisms of inflammation, potential usefulness of inflammatory biomarkers as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and efficacy of novel treatment strategies targeting inflammation.

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Section: Inflammation and Ptsdsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Inflammation and Ptsdsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…There was a significant difference between groups (according to Mann–Whitney U ‐test). Adapted from Imai et al . with permission.…”

Section: Inflammation and Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inflammation and Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inflammation and Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%