Inflammatory mediators related to arthrogenic temporomandibular dysfunctions

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Inflammatory disorders of the temporomandibular joint present a high prevalence in the population. The knowledge about inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, serotonin, kinins, eicosanoids, platelet-activating factor, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor and interleukins, may contribute to a better understanding of these disorders. The objective of this study was to review the literature on the major inflammatory mediators involved in temporomandibular arthralgia. CONTENTS: A search was made in the LILACS, Pubmed/ Medline, Scielo and Science direct databases, crossing the following descriptors in the English and Portuguese language: inflammation, temporomandibular joint, inflammatory mediators, inflammation, temporomandibular joint and inflammatory mediators. Articles of literature review, systematic review, meta-analysis and randomized clinical trials, as well as books with compatible themes, published between September 1990 and June 2017 were included. Clinical reports, open label studies, animal model studies, were excluded. CONCLUSION: The knowledge of the inflammatory process, with the different mediators and mechanisms, can contribute to a better understanding, allowing the selection of the best therapy to be used clinically in cases of arthrogenic temporomandibular joint disorders.

Increase in the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Euterpe oleracea Martius Oil Complexed in β-Cyclodextrin and Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin

“…Note that the use of EOO and EOO-βCD-K contributed to favorable levels of cytokines involved in the inflammatory process. IL-1β induces the expression of adhesion molecules, such as selectins and integrins, which are essential for leukocyte chemotaxis to the inflammation site [ 49 , 50 ], while IL-10 acts in opposition to pro-inflammatory cytokines, induces the production of IL-1 Antagonist Receptor (IL-1RA), and releases Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors (sTNFR), thereby limiting pro-inflammatory activities of IL-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) [ 51 ]. The IL-1β level decreased while that of IL-10 increased, confirming anti-inflammatory activity in an air pocket model.…”

Biomarkers for Temporomandibular Disorders: Current Status and Future Directions

“…Segami and Miyamaru [63] also found a high association between the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the synovial fluid of the same patients, indicating that a collaborative activation of theses cytokines is possible in TMDs. Moreover, higher degrees of IL-1α and IL-1β in the synovial fluid of patients with TMD were indicated in various works of research [27]. Meanwhile, few studies examined fibroblasts, which were cultured from TMJ synovial fluid [32,35] and TMJ synovial biopsies (immunohistochemistry) [46,52], leading to consistent results.…”

“…Moreover, IL-6 contributes to the maturation of macrophages, activation, and maturation of neutrophils, and the differentiation/maintenance of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells [83]. Overall, IL-6 was described in the literature as the major pro-inflammatory cytokines, which results in the pathogenesis of the TMDs and inflammation [27].…”

“…This bond takes place for the inactivation of the ligands prior to the production of a pro-inflammatory response [88]. Notably, the complex balance between the molecules and receptors of the IL-1 family significantly impacts the TMJ homeostasis, as indicated in many research, which illustrated the presence of higher degrees of IL-1α and IL-1β in the synovial fluid of patients with TMDs [27]. In this study, the synovial fluid samples were extracted from patients with TMDs at diverse phases, which led to the conclusion that the increased degrees of these cytokines result in the development and progress of TMD [89].…”

“…Therefore, the development of better approaches is essential to enable the large-scale screening of TMD and specific detection of subjects with or without the disease, which may contribute to development in this area. In addition, the acknowledgement regarding the relationship between TMD and increased degree of biochemical or inflammatory markers enable the exploration of more sensitive and novel diagnostic biomarkers in this field [27]. Accordingly, this article presents a comprehensive review of the recent updates on TMD biomarkers and a promising aspect of the use of biomarkers for the suppression of inflammation and pain elimination, besides case diagnosis.…”