Inflammatory Processes in Alzheimer’s Disease—Pathomechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most commonly diagnosed cases of senile dementia in the world. It is an incurable process, most often leading to death. This disease is multifactorial, and one factor of this is inflammation. Numerous mediators secreted by inflammatory cells can cause neuronal degeneration. Neuritis may coexist with other mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease, contributing to disease progression, and may also directly underlie AD. Although much has been established about the inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of AD, many aspects remain unexplained. The work is devoted in particular to the pathomechanism of inflammation and its role in diagnosis and treatment. An in-depth and detailed understanding of the pathomechanism of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease may help in the development of diagnostic methods for early diagnosis and may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies for the disease.

L-Carnitine in the Treatment of Psychiatric and Neurological Manifestations: A Systematic Review

“…A considerable body of evidence suggests that many neurological and psychiatric disorders are accompanied by disorders of IMs, like interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-2, IL-6, interferon (IFN), tumor necrosis factor a (TNF a), the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), and the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA). These disorders include DD [ 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 ], ALS [ 141 ], AD [ 142 , 143 , 144 ], HE [ 145 , 146 ], etc. It has been suggested that pro-inflammatory cytokines can induce stress-induced neuroendocrine and central neurotransmitter changes similar to those in patients with depression [ 147 ], and IFN-a immunotherapy has been shown to induce depression [ 148 , 149 ].…”

Exploring the potential mechanism of Polygonatum sibiricum for Alzheimer's disease based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

“…50 However, the in ammatory process in AD certainly involves several proin ammatory factors, such as cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α), transcription factors (e.g., NF-κB), and enzymes (e.g., COX-2). 51 Experimental studies have shown that β-sitosterol can induce anti-neuro injury effects by inhibiting COX-2, IL-6, and NO. 52 Tau proteins are phosphorylated proteins found in the normal human brain.…”

Neuroprotective effects and possible mechanisms of berberine in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Study suggested that berberine promoted autophagic clearance of tau protein by enhancing autophagic activity, thereby reducing Aβ production and the resulting neuronal apoptosis ( Chen et al, 2020 ). Acetylcholine (ACh), one of the major neurotransmitters in the brain ( Twarowski and Herbet, 2023 ), plays an crucial role in maintaining learning and memory capacity ( Hampel et al, 2017 ). In the process of aging and neuronal degeneration, the cholinergic system undergoes severe lesions, mainly manifested as the reduction of ACh synthesis, release and uptake in the brain, which is closely related to the severity of dementia ( Kim et al, 2003 ).…”