“…Interestingly, MDMA pretreatment, by itself, was not able to trigger hippocampal astro-or microgliosis. However, 30 mg/kg but not 20 mg/kg KA induced hippocampal injury, astrogliosis and microglial activation, which is generally believed to contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration (Penkowa et al, 2001;Ravizza et al, 2005). The absence of these glial responses in MDMA group was reasonable, since the recreational regimen applied was not sufficient to produce a great degree of neuronal damage (non Fluoro-Jade B immunoreactive neurons, non-significant loss of serotonergic and dopaminergic terminals) (Colado et al, 2001;O'Callaghan and Miller, 1994).…”