“…Earlier research has acknowledged that human capital is a vital resource for realizing a set of capacities on which the distinctive attributes of an organizati on are focused (Rodríguez-Pose et al, 2020;AlMarzouqi, 2019;Bonfanti et al, 2018). These fundamental issues, in theoretical literature, remain limited, poor, and inadequate in developing countries (Knies and Leisink, 2018), including Arab countries (Kraśnicka et al, 2018;Akbari and Monzavi, 2015), especially in the public sector (Favoreu et al, 2019;Ardito and Messeni, 2017). However, few research has explored the relationship between HRM activities and service innovation.…”