Influence of Aerobic Power and Percent Body Fat on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Youth

Ondrak, Kristin S.; McMurray, Robert G.; Bangdiwala, Shrikant I.; Harrell, Joanne S.

doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.03.008

Cited by 36 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…It is known, in fact, that over the last decades the overall fitness level [101] and in particular, cardio-respiratory fitness of the general population has decreased [102] leading to an increase in health conditions related to physical inactivity [103,104]. Cardio-respiratory fitness is known to have positive associations with high-density lipoproteins, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure [105,106], BMI, measures of body fat [107], and arterial stiffness [108].…”

Section: Health-related Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A positive association has been also found between cardio-respiratory fitness and measures of insulin sensitivity [105,108] although this relationship is stronger in boys than in girls [108]. According to our search criteria, the systematic review highlighted 3 mainly adopted tests for the assessment of cardio- The meta-analysis from Behringer et al [20] has revealed a combined mean effect size for motor skills like jumping, running and throwing.…”

Section: Health-related Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A systematic review to determine reliability and usefulness of the field-based test batteries for the assessment of physical fitness in adolescents – The ASSO Project

Bianco¹,

Jemni²,

Thomas³

et al. 2015

Int J Occup Med Environ Health

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The aim of the present review is to investigate the main field-based tests, used alone or included in sport or fitness batteries, for the assessment of health-and skill-related physical fitness components in adolescents. Different scientific databases were searched through using the selected key words related to physical fitness and its components for adolescence. The search focused on original articles and reviews/meta-analyses using valid, reproducible and feasible tests that fit within the school environment. A total of 100 scientific manuscripts were included in the qualitative synthesis. The present systematic review pointed out 5 fitness tests that well adapt to the evaluation of the components of physical fitness of adolescents within a school environment: the 20 m shuttle run test for cardio-respiratory endurance; the handgrip strength test for upper body maximal strength; the standing broad jump test for lower body maximal strength; the sit-up test to exhaustion for muscular endurance and the 4×10 m shuttle run test for speed, agility and coordination. These fitness tests have been finally selected and incorporated into the Adolescents and Surveillance System for the Obesity prevention -Fitness Test Battery (ASSO-FTB), and will be adopted within the ASSO Project for evaluation purposes. This instrument could be also provided to teachers and people working in schools in order to assess physical fitness of adolescents over time and prevent obesity and related diseases.

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Section: Health-related Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Health-related Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review to determine reliability and usefulness of the field-based test batteries for the assessment of physical fitness in adolescents – The ASSO Project

Bianco¹,

Jemni²,

Thomas³

et al. 2015

Int J Occup Med Environ Health

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“…34,36,[58][59][60][61] Since aerobic power was related to each of the major factors of MetS, a relationship between MetS and aerobic power is appropriate. Genetics strongly influences aerobic power, accounting for 25-60% of the total phenotype variability.…”

Section: Dubose Et Al Examined the Relationship Between Mets And Aermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome in Youth: A Review

McMurray

Andersen

2009

American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine

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This file was dowloaded from the institutional repository Brage NIH -brage.bibsys.no/nih McMurray, R. G., Andersen, L. B. (2010). The influence of exercise on metabolic syndrome in youth : a review. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 4(2), 176-186.Dette er siste tekst-versjon av artikkelen, og den kan inneholde ubetydelige forskjeller fra forlagets pdf-versjon. Forlagets pdf-versjon finner du på sagepub.com: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827609351234This is the final text version of the article, and it may contain insignificant differences from the journal's pdf version. used growth curve modeling to develop age and sex-specific criteria for MetS in youth based on the accepted criteria for adults. This approach is logical because the risk factors have a propensity to track from childhood through adulthood and the adult risk factor cut-points are clearly associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. 13 The most biologically meaningful approach may be to select the children where risk factors were not independently distributed, as done by Andersen et al. in 2003. 14 Another approach used in publication from the European Youth Heart Study (EYHS) is to develop an age and sex-specific metabolic risk score based on z-scores for each of the MetS characteristics. 15--17 The authors argue that since there is no accepted definition of MetS in children, the z-score provide a continuous score which may be more appropriate for investigating associations. Dichotomization of each variable causes reduction in the information and therefore the diagnostic value. One system used a standardized score developed as a sum each of seven criteria (insulin, glucose, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, skinfolds, diastolic and systolic blood pressure). The standardized score used the subjects value minus sample mean, divided by standard deviation to produce a continuous overall MetS risk score. 17 The lower the standard score the more favorable the overall profile. However, this score has the problem because it lacks a cut-point above which to identify MetS. An identifying cut-point was found through another analysis where upper quartile in each risk factor was defined to be at risk, and the number of risk factors was then summed in each child. By using this approach the authors were able to calculate when risk factors were not independently distributed. An independent distribution of the risk factors would follow a binominal distribution, and the authors calculated for each number of risk factors if there were more children than expected from the binominal distribution. This approach selected between 10-15% of the children to have clustered risk, and the cut point in the continuous z-score could now be defined. 19 Since this approach was studyspecific comparisons with other studies could be difficult. However, data were available from three different countries, and it turned out that almost the same z-score defined clustered risk in the different populations, which may indicate that cut points may not be population ...

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“…14,15 Other studies suggest that the association between fitness and cardiometabolic risk factor clustering is confounded by differences in adiposity levels. [16][17][18] To the best of our knowledge, no study has been designed specifically to delineate the individual contribution of cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity as risk factors for the MHO phenotype among youth.In light of these issues, we designed a series of observational matching studies to dissect the independent contribution of cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity to the MHO phenotype among overweight and obese youth. Our primary working hypothesis was that high cardiorespiratory fitness would be associated with an increased likelihood of MHO after controlling for adiposity.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Adiposity in Metabolically Healthy Overweight and Obese Youth

et al. 2013

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Obesity is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors and chronic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes. However, a proportion of overweight and obese youth remain free from cardiometabolic risk factors and are considered metabolically healthy. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:This study provides insight into the determinants of cardiometabolic risk factors and the concept in health promotion of "fitness versus fatness." Hepatic lipid accumulation and not fitness level appears to drive cardiometabolic risk factor clustering among overweight and obese youth. abstract OBJECTIVE: Controversy exists surrounding the contribution of fitness and adiposity as determinants of the Metabolically Healthy Overweight (MHO) phenotype in youth. This study investigated the independent contribution of cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity to the MHO phenotype among overweight and obese youth. METHODS:This cross-sectional study included 108 overweight and obese youth classified as MHO (no cardiometabolic risk factors) or non-MHO ($1 cardiometabolic risk factor), based on age-and genderspecific cut-points for fasting glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and hepatic steatosis.RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of overweight and obese youth were classified as MHO. This phenotype was associated with lower BMI z-score (BMI z-score: 1.8 6 0.3 vs 2.1 6 0.4, P = .02) and waist circumference (99.7 6 13.2 vs 106.1 6 13.7 cm, P = .04) compared with non-MHO youth. When matched for fitness level and stratified by BMI z-score (1.6 6 0.3 vs 2.4 6 0.2), the prevalence of MHO was fourfold higher in the low BMI z-score group (27% vs 7%; P = .03). Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that the best predictor of MHO was the absence of hepatic steatosis even after adjusting for waist circumference (odds ratio 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.40-0.80) or BMI z-score (odds ratio 0.59, 95% confidence interval 0.43-0.80). CONCLUSIONS:The MHO phenotype was present in 25% of overweight and obese youth and is strongly associated with lower levels of adiposity, and the absence of hepatic steatosis, but not with cardiorespiratory fitness. Pediatrics 2013;132:e85-e92 Obesity is associated with a clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors, including hypertension, insulin resistance, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. 1 However, cardiometabolic risk factor clustering is not an obligatory consequence of obesity. In fact, 18% to 44% of obese individuals are free from cardiometabolic risk factors. 2,3 The absence of cardiometabolic risk factor clustering in obese individuals is associated with lower measures of adiposity, including lower total fat mass, 4 abdominal obesity, 5,6 visceral fat mass, 3,7,8 and the absence of ectopic lipid accumulation. 9 Surprisingly, little attention has been paid to the modifiable factors as determinants of this "Metabolically Healthy Overweight" (MHO) phenotype. 10,11 This is particularly important, as the identification of modifiable behaviors associa...

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Influence of Aerobic Power and Percent Body Fat on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Youth

Cited by 36 publications

References 30 publications

A systematic review to determine reliability and usefulness of the field-based test batteries for the assessment of physical fitness in adolescents – The ASSO Project

A systematic review to determine reliability and usefulness of the field-based test batteries for the assessment of physical fitness in adolescents – The ASSO Project

The Influence of Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome in Youth: A Review

Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Adiposity in Metabolically Healthy Overweight and Obese Youth

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