Influence of Aleyrodidae Fly Population on Cotton Crop Diseases under Different Environmental Conditions

Abstract

Aleyrodidae fly is a vector carrier of various diseases in crops, plants, and vegetables. The present investigation evaluated the Aleyrodidae fly population for its relationship with cotton disease under different environmental conditions. Faisalabad, Chiniot, Sargodha, Jhang, Toba Tek Singh (T. T. Singh), and Burewala from Punjab, Pakistan were selected for this study. The Aleyrodidae fly population was found to be significantly different in selected regions, and endosymbionts of Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Fritschea, Cardinium, Arsenophonus, and Wolbachia were recorded in promotions to the Aleyrodidae fly population. The Hamiltonella co-infection percentages in Faisalabad, Chiniot, Sargodha, Jhang, T. T. Singh, and Burewala were recorded as 51,28, 75,8,23, and 25, respectively, whereas relative abundance percentages of Hamiltonella endosymbiont were recorded as 52, 35, 65, 5, 20, and 21 in Faisalabad, Chiniot, Sargodha, Jhang, T. T. Singh, and Burewala, respectively. A similar trend was observed for Rickettsia, Fritschea, Cardinium, Arsenophonus, and Wolbachia co-infection and relative abundances. Results revealed that the Aleyrodidae fly is a carrier of different endosymbionts, which were significantly different under different environmental conditions.

Methodological trends in preparation of activated carbon from local sources and their impacts on production: A review

“…The AC sources are freely, abundantly and locally available, which could be economically viable for wastewater treatment (Kadirvelu et al, 2003) as an adsorbent for the reidiation of metal ions, dyes and other pollutants (Adeel et al, 2017;Aftab et al, 2017;Ahamd et al, 2017;Akram et al, 2017;Bhatti et al, 2017a;Bhatti et al, 2016;Bhatti et al, 2017b;Iqbal et al, 2013;Iqbal et al, 2017a;Iqbal et al, 2016;Kanwal et al, 2017;Kausar et al, 2017;Manzoor et al, 2013;Mushtaq et al, 2016;Nadeem et al, 2016;Naeem et al, 2017;Rashid et al, 2016;Shoukat et al, 2017;Tahir et al, 2016a;Tahir et al, 2016b;Ullah et al, 2013). Under the current scenario of environmental pollution (Abbas et al, 2018a;Abbas et al, 2018b;Abbas et al, 2017;Ahamd et al, 2017;Bibi et al, 2017;Iqbal, 2016;Iqbal and Bhatti, 2015;Iqbal and Nisar, 2015;Iqbal et al, 2017b), there is a need to develop new adsorbents form local sources.…”