Influence of anisotropies on transverse modes in oxide-confined VCSELs

Abstract

We present a comprehensive fully vectorial model for the cavity eigenmodes of oxide-cofined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with the details of their complex structure. It includes device-inherent symmetry-breaking mechanisms like noncircular geometries and material anisotropies related to the elasto-optic and electro-optic effect. The latter is accounted for in the model starting from the material and doping profiles. We compare these theoretical results with experimental findings of spectrally and polarization-resolved transverse mode nearfields of oxide-confined VCSELs with two different aperture diameters. Within a parametric study of the influence of aperture anisotropies we are able to calculate frequencies and gains of all transverse mode families, their polarization dependence and their spatial mode profiles which are in good agreement with the experimental findings.

Picosecond emission dynamics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers: Spatial, spectral, and polarization-resolved characterization

“…The horizontal axis represents the spatial coordinate, the vertical axis is a combination of both spatial and spectral coordinates, with the wavelength increasing from the bottom to top of each snapshot [13], [14]. As a consequence, spatially extended transverse modes that are only slightly separated in wavelength may overlap in this representation.…”

Multi-transverse Mode Operation in Vertical-cavity Surface-emitting Lasers: Effects of Wideband Modelling on Spectral Characteristics and Noise

“…On the other hand, each mode has a different oscillation frequency. In fact, it has been shown (Debernardi et al 2002) that these frequency detunings are as high as 1.5 THz for low-order modes, and even can reach 4 THz for the highest experimentally observed modes. But under certain conditions the frequency detuning of the first-order superior mode could be as low as 100 GHz (Debernardi et al 2002), coinciding with the spacing of channels in a standard WDM system.…”

Transverse dynamics in cavity nonlinear optics (2000–2003)

“…Additional papers deal with relative noise intensity [238], transverse standing wave patterns [239], transverse mode locking [240], application to quantum billiards [241], amplitude-squeezed emission from transverse modes [242], and influence of anisotropies [243].…”