Influence of anode material on electrochemical decomposition of urea

Simka, Wojciech; Piotrowski, J.; Nawrat, G.

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2006.12.017

Cited by 131 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…4 Graphical representation of the two-step mechanism of urea decomposition in alkaline medium over Ni electro-catalyst surface (Adapted with permission from [65]. Copyright (2014) American Chemical Society) of the composition of Ti-based systems (Ti/Pt, Ti/(Pt-Ir), Ti/RuO 2 , Ti/(RuO 2 -TiO 2 ), Ti/(RuO 2 -TiO 2 -IrO 2 ), Ti/ (Ta 2 O 5 -IrO 2 )) used as anode materials on the process of electrochemical decomposition of urea was reported by Simka et al [59]. It was found that only the Ti/(Pt-Ir) and Ti/(Ta 2 O 5 -IrO 2 ) electrodes were sufficiently active to decompose urea to nontoxic products (N 2 and CO 2 ).…”

Section: Anode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the last step, chloroamines undergo redox reactions producing nitrogen and nitrate ions. Simka et al [1,59] investigated different electrode materials and determined the optimum conditions for treating urea in a chloridecontaining medium; meanwhile, Carlesi Jara et al [60] studied the effect of a combined direct and indirect electrooxidation of urea and determined the optimum chloride concentrations to minimize nitrate generation at different current densities.…”

Section: Solutions Used In Electrochemical Oxidation Of Ureamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urea removal from aqueous solutions—a review

2016

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The abundance of urea in the natural environment is dictated by the fact that it is one of the major products of mammalian protein metabolism. Due to the extensive use of urea in many branches of industry, it is produced in large quantities. Urea enters into the environment not only with wastewater from the production plants but also by leaching from the fields, agro-breeding farms, and the effluents from the plants using it as a raw material. There are many methods of urea removal, but most of them are still being developed or are very new. The methods themselves differ in terms of physicochemical nature and technological ingenuity. Many wastewater treatment methods include processes such as hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, decomposition in the biological bed, decomposition by strong oxidants, adsorption, catalytic decomposition, and electrochemical oxidation. In this work, methods of urea removal from aqueous solutions have been reviewed. Particular attention was paid to electrochemical methods.

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Section: Anode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Solutions Used In Electrochemical Oxidation Of Ureamentioning

confidence: 99%

Urea removal from aqueous solutions—a review

2016

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“…8 [32,33]. Simka and Piotrowski [22] further differentiate indirect urea electrolysis through chlorine adsorbed at the anodic surface and through active chlorine present in the bulk of the solution. In the first case, the chloride concentration is almost constant along the experiment and no active chlorine is formed in the bulk, whereas in the latter case, active chlorine is clearly formed and participates in the oxidation of urea in the bulk of the solution.…”

Section: Urea Degradation In Fresh Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simka and Piotrowski [22] tested several DSA electrodes and could show that N 2 and CO 2 were the main products. In their experiments, urea degradation was mediated by electrochemically formed chlorine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of carbonate on the electrolytic removal of ammonia and urea from urine with thermally prepared IrO2 electrodes

et al. 2012

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Recent studies have shown that electrolysis can be an efficient process for nitrogen removal from urine. These studies have been conducted with urea solutions or fresh urine, but urine collected in NoMix toilets and urinals has a substantially different composition, because bacteria hydrolyse urea quickly to ammonia and carbonate. In this study, we compared electrochemical removal of nitrogen from synthetic solutions of fresh and stored urine using IrO 2 anodes. We could show that in fresh urine both ammonia and urea are efficiently eliminated, mainly through chlorine-mediated oxidation. However, in stored urine the presence of carbonate, arising from urea hydrolysis, leads to an inhibition of ammonia oxidation. We suggest two parallel mechanisms to explain this effect: the competition between chloride and carbonate oxidation at the anode and the competition between chlorate formation, enhanced by the buffering effect of carbonate, and ammonia oxidation for the consumption of active chlorine in the bulk. However, further experiments are needed to support the latter mechanism. In conclusion, this study highlights the negative consequences of the presence of carbonate in urine solutions, but also in other wastewaters, when subjected to an electrolytic treatment on IrO 2 in alkaline media.

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“…The ammonia can dissolve into the rain drops and form nitric acid. Ammonia poses risks to the soil and water and causes health problems [6][7][8]. Thus, treatment of urea has become as important environmental problems [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced electro-oxidation of urea based on nickel nanoparticle decorated reduced graphene oxide/PEDOT:PSS composite

2017

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Abstract. A facile two-step systematic plan of action was used to prepare nanocomposite of Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) decorated with nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) onto a Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE). Composites of PEDOT:PSS and RGO were prepared by mixing each component solution and were fabricated as a bene cial substrate for Ni NPs. Ni NPs were electrodeposited on the PEDOT-RGO support by applying constant potential into nickel ions solutions. Then, Ni/PEDOT-RGO/GCE was employed as an e cient electrocatalyst for electrooxidation of urea. The electrocatalytic properties of Ni NPs/PEDOT-RGO modi ed glassy carbon electrode toward the oxidation of urea were analyzed by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). Such studies evidenced the high electrocatalytic activity of Ni NPs and mixed PEDOT-RGO, which is mainly ascribed to the good electrochemical activity of PEDOT-RGO composites and the well-dispersed Ni NPs on the surface of PEDOT-RGO composite.

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Influence of anode material on electrochemical decomposition of urea

Cited by 131 publications

References 11 publications

Urea removal from aqueous solutions—a review

Urea removal from aqueous solutions—a review

Effects of carbonate on the electrolytic removal of ammonia and urea from urine with thermally prepared IrO2 electrodes

Enhanced electro-oxidation of urea based on nickel nanoparticle decorated reduced graphene oxide/PEDOT:PSS composite

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