Abstract. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of water-extracted plum (WEP) on adipocyte differentiation, adipogenesis and inflammation in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells. WEP was assessed for basic analyses, including high-performance liquid chromatography, total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays] in vitro. Moreover, the cell viability was measured using an MTT assay. Adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was investigated using Oil Red O staining, and the expression of genes and proteins associated with adipogenesis and lipolysis were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. In addition, sulforaphane using a positive control was performed simultaneously. The WEP significantly suppressed adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in differentiated adipocytes without cytotoxicity. WEP resulted in direct anti-obesity effects through the modulation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, cytidine-cytidine-adenosine-adenosine-thymidine/enhancer binding protein α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. These regulations of molecular expressions were significantly activated via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Moreover, these results provide potential anti-adipogenic effects of WEP and may have potential as a natural agent for the prevention and improvement of obesity.
IntroductionFood intake behaviors, genes and the environment are important factors in causing people to be overweight and obese. The prevalence of obesity worldwide has rapidly increased over the past decades. In 2014, the National Health and Nutrition Survey in Korea reported that over a third of Korean adults (30.2%) were obese (1,2). Obesity-related conditions include heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer, which give rise to complex health issues, including hypertension, sleep apnoea, arthritis and decrease future life expectancy (3,4).Prior studies have demonstrated that numerous dietary polyphenolic constituents derived from plants are more effective antioxidants in vitro compared with vitamin E or C (5). In addition, increasing interest has been paid to dietary agents such as fruits and vegetables for the possibility of controlling obesity as lipolysis agents, since these dietary agents are known to have or enhance anti-adipogenic and/or lipolysis activity without causing cytotoxicity (6). Plum (Prunus salicina L. cv. Soldam) is an important fruit crop grown in Gimcheon, Gyungbuk, Korea. It is often used to help regulate the function of the digestive system and has been recently used as a supplement for irregularity treatment (7). This effect has been attributed to various compounds present in the fruits, such as dietary fiber, isatin and sorbitol (8). In addition, prunes and prune juice are often used to help regulate the functioning of the digestive system. Dried plums (or pru...