Influence of applied electrical fields on yeast and hyphal growth of Candida albicans

Crombie, Tanya; Gow, Neil A. R.; Gooday, Graham W.

doi:10.1099/00221287-136-2-311

Cited by 54 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The hyphae of filamentous fungi generally grow toward the cathode in an applied electric field (galvanotropism) (25). In C. albicans, deletion of CNA1, CNB1, or CRZ1 resulted in the attenuation of the galvanotropic response (11).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcineurin Controls Drug Tolerance, Hyphal Growth, and Virulence in Candida dubliniensis

et al. 2011

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Candida dubliniensis is an emerging pathogenic yeast species closely related to Candida albicans and frequently found colonizing or infecting the oral cavities of HIV/AIDS patients. Drug resistance during C. dubliniensis infection is common and constitutes a significant therapeutic challenge. The calcineurin inhibitor FK506 exhibits synergistic fungicidal activity with azoles or echinocandins in the fungal pathogens C. albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus. In this study, we show that calcineurin is required for cell wall integrity and wild-type tolerance of C. dubliniensis to azoles and echinocandins; hence, these drugs are candidates for combination therapy with calcineurin inhibitors. In contrast to C. albicans, in which the roles of calcineurin and Crz1 in hyphal growth are unclear, here we show that calcineurin and Crz1 play a clearly demonstrable role in hyphal growth in response to nutrient limitation in C. dubliniensis. We further demonstrate that thigmotropism is controlled by Crz1, but not calcineurin, in C. dubliniensis. Similar to C. albicans, C. dubliniensis calcineurin enhances survival in serum. C. dubliniensis calcineurin and crz1/crz1 mutants exhibit attenuated virulence in a murine systemic infection model, likely attributable to defects in cell wall integrity, hyphal growth, and serum survival. Furthermore, we show that C. dubliniensis calcineurin mutants are unable to establish murine ocular infection or form biofilms in a rat denture model. That calcineurin is required for drug tolerance and virulence makes fungus-specific calcineurin inhibitors attractive candidates for combination therapy with azoles or echinocandins against emerging C. dubliniensis infections.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcineurin Controls Drug Tolerance, Hyphal Growth, and Virulence in Candida dubliniensis

et al. 2011

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“…Cells in the hyphal form are inherently more effective in penetrating physical barriers and expanding colony growth three-dimensionally. Hyphae are also more likely to show gravitropism, thigmotropism, phototropism, aerotropism, and galvanotropism (Hoch et al 1987;Crombie et al 1990;Moore 1991;Moore et al 1996;Aoki et al 1998; Figure 2. C. neoformans Rac2 localization suggests a role in cell polarity.…”

Section: Morphotype Niche Adaptation and Fungal Virulencementioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Morphogenesis

Lin

Alspaugh

Liu

et al. 2014

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

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Morphogenesis in fungi is often induced by extracellular factors and executed by fungal genetic factors. Cell surface changes and alterations of the microenvironment often accompany morphogenetic changes in fungi. In this review, we will first discuss the general traits of yeast and hyphal morphotypes and how morphogenesis affects development and adaptation by fungi to their native niches, including host niches. Then we will focus on the molecular machinery responsible for the two most fundamental growth forms, yeast and hyphae. Last, we will describe how fungi incorporate exogenous environmental and host signals together with genetic factors to determine their morphotype and how morphogenesis, in turn, shapes the fungal microenvironment. PROPERTIES OF MORPHOGENESIS IN FUNGAL CELLS

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“…Electric fields were applied to cells growing on microscope slides (5). Glass microscope slides were treated with 0.1% (wt/vol) poly-L-lysine (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.)…”

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confidence: 99%

Electric fields induce curved growth of Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis cells: implications for mechanisms of galvanotropism and bacterial growth

1994

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(18,19,21,24). Its basic assumption is that osmotically derived hydrostatic pressure causes tension within the plane of the wall. The wall is not uniformly rigid, and so expansion occurs at regions that are most plastic. Conceptually, growth should be especially problematic for gramnegative bacteria, in which the load-bearing peptidoglycan of the cell wall is extremely thin (19,23) and the bonds within it are stressed greatly by the cell's high (3 to 5 atm) internal osmotic pressure (20,21). In the case of gram-negative enteric bacteria, the prevailing form of the surface stress theory is the variable T model, which suggests that cell shape is determined by regional variation of T, the analog of surface tension (23). Although new murein is inserted all over the surface of gram-negative rods (30), localized variations in T lead to regional differences in the bond stresses within the sacculus, which in turn dictate the rate of cell wall growth. Growth is slow where T is high (at the old poles and on the side walls) and is faster where T is lower (at the developing division sites).This study illustrates that bacteria curve as they grow in applied electric fields. Our data suggest that this striking morphology arises from field-induced regional variation in wall growth rates on the anode-and cathode-facing sides of cells. The ability to manipulate T locally may therefore be a valuable tool in the effort to understand the process of normal growth. Our data also imply that the mechanism for galvanotropism is not the same for all cell types. Specifically, actin is not an 702

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Influence of applied electrical fields on yeast and hyphal growth of Candida albicans

Cited by 54 publications

References 24 publications

Calcineurin Controls Drug Tolerance, Hyphal Growth, and Virulence in Candida dubliniensis

Calcineurin Controls Drug Tolerance, Hyphal Growth, and Virulence in Candida dubliniensis

Fungal Morphogenesis

Electric fields induce curved growth of Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis cells: implications for mechanisms of galvanotropism and bacterial growth

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