Influence of aquatic humus on the biavailability of chlorinated micropollutants in Atlantic salmon

Carlberg, Georg E.; Martinsen, Kari; Kringstad, Alfhild; Gjessing, Egil T.; Grande, Magne; Källqvist, Torsten; Skåre, Janneche Utne

doi:10.1007/bf01056568

Cited by 78 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Fliedner (1997) conducted acute toxicity tests of poorly water-soluble substances with Daphnia and reports that decreased toxicity despite high exposure concentrations was evident when using test water treated with humic acids. Decreases in toxicity in the presence of dissolved organic carbon have also been reported for other organic chemicals (e.g., Carlberg et al, 1986;Day, 1991). The effects of DOMs on ecotoxicity may differ and depend on the source of the DOMs in question (Chiou et al, 1987;Hodge et al, 1993;Lores et al, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Screening-Level Risk Assessment of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate for Aquatic Organisms Using Monitoring Data in Japan

Naito

Gamo

Yoshida

2006

Environ Monit Assess

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Screening-level ecological risk assessments of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) for aquatic organisms in Japan were conducted using estimated statistical values based on surface water and sediment monitoring data and effect threshold values based on a large aquatic toxicity database. An alternative method is proposed to handle monitoring data that contain nondetects including multiple detection limits and to determine the statistical values of DEHP concentrations in Japanese surface waters. The No-Observed-Effect-Concentration (NOEC(water)) of DEHP for aquatic life of 77 micro g/L was determined giving equal importance to both physical effects probably caused by undissolved DEHP and to the intrinsic toxicity potentially caused by DEHP. The NOEC(sediment) of 615,000 micro g/kg was determined by the Equilibrium Partitioning (EqP) theory, conservatively assuming a threshold effect level in the water column as the water solubility of 3 micro g/L. The potential risks of DEHP in Japanese water environments were characterized simply by comparing the margin of exposure (MOE) with a specified uncertainty multiplier (UM). The MOE is expressed as the ratio of NOEC(water) or NOEC(sediment) to the expected environmental concentrations such as the 95th percentiles of the estimated DEHP concentration distributions for surface water or sediment. The results of risk characterization show that all MOE values calculated using the statistical values of DEHP concentrations in Japanese surface waters and sediments are above 10, indicating minimal risk. Although the DEHP concentrations of some surface water samples showed MOE values of less than 10, considering environmental chemistry such as bioavailable fractions and the form of existence of DEHP in a water environment, we conclude that the current levels of DEHP are of little concern to aquatic life in the majority of Japanese surface waters and sediments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Screening-Level Risk Assessment of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate for Aquatic Organisms Using Monitoring Data in Japan

Naito

Gamo

Yoshida

2006

Environ Monit Assess

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“…There is no question that chemicals dissolved in water are bioavailable for uptake across the gill [13][14][15][16][17]. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) can be calculated from the chemical concentration in the fish divided by the bioavailable chemical concentration in the water at equilibrium [11,17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake of hydrophobic xenobiotics by fish in water laden with sediments from the fraser river

Qiao

Farrell

1996

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-We examined the uptake of three hydrophobic chemicals, TCB (1,2,4-trichlorobenzene), PeCB (1,2,3,4,5-pentachlorobenzene), and HCBP (2,2Ј,4,4Ј,6,6Ј-hexachlorobiphenyl), by unfed juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in test aquaria containing sediments from the Fraser River. Our working hypothesis was that the low organic carbon content of the Fraser River sediments would increase the bioavailability of xenobiotics associated with these sediments. The test chemicals and sediments were introduced into aquaria 9 d before the fish were introduced. Measured concentrations of the chemicals in the bottom sediments, suspended sediments, and filtered (0.45 m) water suggested that the test system had reached a quasiequilibrium state by day 9. Subsequently, a 6-d exposure of fish in the test aquaria resulted in a significant accumulation of the test chemicals in the fish tissues and significant reductions in the chemical concentrations of the bottom sediments, suspended sediments, and filtered water. Mass balance analysis suggests that the appearance of HCBP and PeCB in the fish after 6 d could not be accounted for solely by the amount of chemical dissolved in the water at the time when the fish were introduced. A large unaccounted-for fraction of TCB, possibly due to fish metabolism, precluded an accurate mass balance analysis for this chemical. Because chemical uptake in fish with the pharynx plugged (to eliminate the gut uptake route) was similar to that in control fish and because direct access to bottom sediments did not alter chemical uptake, we conclude that hydrophobic chemicals such as PeCB and HCBP associated with suspended sediments from the Fraser River can readily desorb and be taken up across the gill.

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“…The glass vessels containing the contaminated water were hermetically closed and placed on a magnetic stirrer. Since humic compounds have been shown to reduce the bioconcentration of PCBs in aquatic organisms from contaminated waters (Carlberg et al, 1986), the influence of such compounds on direct accumulation was also studied . So at the two lowest PCB concentrations, the experiments were repeated with Volvic water containing 3 mg C of humic acid per liter ; this is the average concentration of organic matter generally present in Meuse water.…”

Section: Investigation Of the Direct Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative importance of the trophic and direct pathways on PCB contamination in the rotifer species Brachionus calyciflorus (Pallas)

et al. 1995

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To determine the contribution of food ingestion (trophic pathway) to PCB contamination of zooplankton in the river Meuse (Belgium), we used 14 C-labelled algae (Dictyosphaerium ehrenbergianum) to measure ingestion and assimilation rates in the rotifer species Brachionus calyciflorus . When the concentration of algae in the culture medium varied from 20 103 to 200 103 algal cells ml -1 (0 .12 to 1 .18 mg C 1 -'), the Brachionus calyciflorus ingestion rate varied from 0 .25 ± 0 .12 to 1 .52 ± 0 .43 ng C ind -1 h -1 at 15 °C and from 0 .74 ± 0 .17 to 5 .93 ± 0 .61 ng C ind-' h-1 at 20 °C . The assimilation efficiency (ratio of the assimilation rate to the ingestion rate) measured in a culture medium containing 200 103 algal cells ml`' was 55 .7 ± 5 .8% . Since the PCB concentration measured in the phytoplankton of the river Meuse is about 3 pg PCBs g -1 D .W., the estimated PCB contamination of zooplankton ascribable to the trophic pathway ranges from 0 .22 ± 0 .17 to 1 .31 ± 0.77 jag PCBs g -1 D .W. at 15 °C and from 0 .64 ± 0 .34 to 5 .10 ± 2 .10 pg PCBs g -1 D . W. at 20'C . The lower figure based on measurements effected at 20 ° C is comparable to the actual level measured in zooplankton samples collected in the river Meuse (0 .69 ± 0 .20 pg PCBs g`' D .W.) . The applicability of the formula used in our estimate was checked in a 48-hour in vitro experiment in which the rotifers were fed contaminated algae . The PCB accumulation measured in the rotifers was found to coincide with the calculated PCB contamination . Additional experiments were carried out to determine the contribution of the direct pathway to PCB contamination of zooplankton living in the river Meuse (0 .02 pg PCBs 1 -1 of water; average dissolved organic matter : 3 mg C 1 -1 ) . The PCB concentration in zooplankton resulting from direct uptake of PCBs from the water was estimated at 0 .19 ± 0.05 jug PCBs g -1 D .W. These results show that in zooplankton living in polluted ecosystems, PCBs are likely to accumulate via the trophic pathway to concentrations up to 30 times higher than by direct contamination . Furthermore, our estimates of PCB contamination via the trophic pathway coincide quite well with actual concentrations measured in situ .

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Influence of aquatic humus on the biavailability of chlorinated micropollutants in Atlantic salmon

Cited by 78 publications

References 22 publications

Screening-Level Risk Assessment of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate for Aquatic Organisms Using Monitoring Data in Japan

Screening-Level Risk Assessment of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate for Aquatic Organisms Using Monitoring Data in Japan

Uptake of hydrophobic xenobiotics by fish in water laden with sediments from the fraser river

Relative importance of the trophic and direct pathways on PCB contamination in the rotifer species Brachionus calyciflorus (Pallas)

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