Influence of benzene emission from motorcycle on Bangkok air quality

Leong, Shing Tet; Muttamara, S.; Laortanakul, Preecha

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(01)00474-5

Cited by 58 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…5 The benzene concentration at rush hour in slow-moving traffic was higher than under other conditions. 5 Kuo et al 6 investigated the involvement of reactive oxygen species in motorcycle exhaust particle-induced genotoxic activity in mammalian cell systems. Results indicated that motorcycle exhaust particles affected gap junctional intercellular communication, a tumor promotion process in V79 cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Results indicated the benzene emissions of a 2-stroke motorcycle is 5 times higher than that of a 4-stroke motorcycle. 5 For 2-stroke motorcycles, with mileage Ͼ50,000 km (72.9 -109.7 mg/m 3 ), the benzene emission concentration was higher than those with mileages of approximately 15,000 km (3-15 mg/m 3 ). 5 The benzene concentration at rush hour in slow-moving traffic was higher than under other conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…5 For 2-stroke motorcycles, with mileage Ͼ50,000 km (72.9 -109.7 mg/m 3 ), the benzene emission concentration was higher than those with mileages of approximately 15,000 km (3-15 mg/m 3 ). 5 The benzene concentration at rush hour in slow-moving traffic was higher than under other conditions. 5 Kuo et al 6 investigated the involvement of reactive oxygen species in motorcycle exhaust particle-induced genotoxic activity in mammalian cell systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Mobile sources contributed 5,5,43,29, and 71% of the PM, SO x , NO x , NMHC, and CO pollutants, respectively. 2 In addition, motorcycles contributed 20, 5, 2, 31, and 17% of the PM, SO x , NO x , NMHC, and CO pollutants, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most mobile source research projects mention vehicle and diesel engines; there are only a few studies that have focused on motorcycle emissions. 3,4 Leong et al 5 investigated the benzene concentration of 2-stroke (n ϭ 8) and 4-stroke (n ϭ 8) motorcycles following the U.S. Federal Test Procedure in Bangkok. Results indicated the benzene emissions of a 2-stroke motorcycle is 5 times higher than that of a 4-stroke motorcycle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Volatile Organic Proﬁles and Photochemical Potentials from Motorcycle Engine Exhaust

Tsai

Liu

Yang

et al. 2003

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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This study surveyed emissions from 2-and 4-stroke new and in-use motorcycles. Emission tests were carried out on a dynamometer following the designated test procedure of the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). Samples were derived during various driving stages, which included idle, acceleration, 30 km/hr cruise, 50 km/hr cruise, and deceleration. All test motorcycles (10 new and 15 in-use) complied with Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration's Phase III Motorcycle Emission Standards. The dominant volatile organic carbon (VOC) species were isopentane (53 and 295 mg/km, 2-and 4-stroke, respectively), 2-methylpentane (75 and 83 mg/km), 3-methylpentane (34 and 66 mg/km), and toluene (30 and 100 mg/km). The VOC emission factors for the 2-/4-stroke motorcycles were 311/344 (new) and 1479/433 (inuse) mg/km, respectively. In addition, the dominant carbonyl species for the new and in-use motorcycles were formaldehyde (0.4 and 0.7 mg/km, respectively), acetaldehyde (0.6 and 1.2 mg/km), and acetone (0.5 and 0.7 mg/km). The carbonyl compound emission factors for the 2-and 4-stroke motorcycles were 3.2/3.1 (new) and 5.3/ 4.6 (in-use) mg/km, respectively. The ozone formation potentials, based on an ECE test cycle, show that the values from the in-use motorcycles were higher than those from the new motorcycles. The dominant VOC species for the ozone formation potential were propylene (65 and 502 mg-O 3 /km, respectively), isopentane (98 and 501 mg-O 3 /km), 2-methylpentane (152 and 167 mg-O 3 / km), 3-methylpentane (79 and 253 mg-O 3 /km), and toluene (127 and 398 mg-O 3 /km). Further, the dominant carbonyl species were formaldehyde (4.1 and 6.2 mg-O 3 / km, new and in-use, respectively) and acetaldehyde (4.8 and 9 mg-O 3 /km).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Volatile Organic Proﬁles and Photochemical Potentials from Motorcycle Engine Exhaust

Tsai

Liu

Yang

et al. 2003

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Exposure to Vehicular Pollution and Assessment of Respiratory Function in Urban Inhabitants

Chattopadhyay¹,

Mukherjee²,

Mukherjee³

et al. 2007

Lung

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Particulate matter less than PM(10) and aromatic chemicals formed during incomplete combustion of organic matter are major environmental pollutants because of their toxic potential. The present study reports on the respiratory morbidity pattern of people exposed to auto exhaust as a result of the traffic load consisting of three varieties of vehicles (heavy, medium, and light) at three different points: North (B), South (E), and Central (C) regions of Kolkata, India. Particle size distribution was analyzed by an Anderson cascade impactor and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed by sorbent tube and capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. Levels of VOCs, particularly benzene and toluene (at B, 15.2 and 20.1 microg/m(3); at E, 67.4 and 74.6 microg/m(3), and at C, 40.7 and 61.3 microg/m(3), respectively), were found to be appreciably high in three sites in Kolkata compared with the values reported by the U.S. EPA. PM(10) concentrations also have been found to be higher than the Central Pollution Control Board of India's permissible standard (

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Exposure Modeling of Benzene Exploiting Passive–Active Sampling Data

Karakitsios

Kassomenos

Sarigiannis

et al. 2009

Environ Model Assess

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The objective of the present study is the exploitation of active sampling personal exposure data in assessing the factors that affect exposure to benzene in combination with the widely accepted scheme of passive sampling-time microenvironment-activity diaries (TMAD). The campaign included personal exposure measurements with both passive and active sampling in several microenvironments, evaluation of TMAD kept by the volunteers, and a variety of environmental data (ambient air benzene determination, traffic and meteorological observations). Due to the relatively elevated benzene traffic emissions, average personal exposure was determined to be equal to 8.9 μg/m 3 , ranging between 5 and 20 μg/m 3 , which is a value highly related to the average urban concentration (9.2 μg/m 3 ). The information gained from TMAD was embedded (in terms of spatial and temporal distribution) into three zones respectively, in order to draw statistically significant conclusions about the exposure levels and the activity patterns. The contribution of the activities to the overall amount of exposure was further quantified and refined by active sampling measurements. These data revealed that driving in a traffic-congested road was the main activity leading to elevated exposure levels (up to 70 μg/m 3 ), followed by walking on the roadside of a congested road (up to 35 μg/m 3 ). Indoor exposure to benzene was in general lower than outdoor (indicating that traffic is the dominant source of benzene emissions in the wider area), and it was significantly affected by the presence of environmental tobacco smoke. The higher significance of the regression coefficients obtained by statistical analysis of the active sampling data was fundamental for the development of a regression-based prediction exposure model. The model was evaluated through comparison with the passive sampling data, which were considered as an unknown but realistic data exposure pattern. The model performed very well in terms of expressing the variance of the exposure data with an average score of R 2 equal to 0.935. All of the above indicate that active sampling is a necessary albeit more laborious tool that needs to be used as a complement to passive sampling for precise quantification of the factors determining personal exposure patterns.

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Influence of benzene emission from motorcycle on Bangkok air quality

Cited by 58 publications

References 5 publications

Volatile Organic Proﬁles and Photochemical Potentials from Motorcycle Engine Exhaust

Volatile Organic Proﬁles and Photochemical Potentials from Motorcycle Engine Exhaust

Exposure to Vehicular Pollution and Assessment of Respiratory Function in Urban Inhabitants

Exposure Modeling of Benzene Exploiting Passive–Active Sampling Data

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