Influence of Braking Strategies for Electric Trike Energy Consumption

Abstract

This research aims to investigate the effect of applying braking strategies to the energy consumption of electric trike (e-trike). E-trike is a three-wheeled vehicle that is designed for goods delivery. A simulation is carried out to find the specific electric energy consumption in terms of km/kWh. The simulation is conducted by developing an energy consumption model using Matlab/Simulink software. The input data used in the simulation is obtained from the e-trike specification designed by Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) researchers. The output is the battery State of Charge (SOC) and energy required for the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) driving cycle. Four different braking strategies are implemented in the simulation, namely full mechanical braking, serial regenerative braking, parallel regenerative braking, and modified braking strategies. The simulation results show that by applying the modified braking strategy, greater savings of energy can be achieved. Full mechanical braking strategy can achieve energy savings of 19.2 km/kWh whereas the modified braking strategy generates 20 km/kWh. These results indicate that the application of modified braking strategies can significantly increase the e-trike mileage.

A Review on Drive Train Technologies for Passenger Electric Vehicles

“…For example, one study has successfully developed a kind of regenerative braking strategy for three-wheel EVs, and gained a satisfying result to extend mileage to about 20 km/kWh compared to three different braking strategies: full mechanical braking (19.2 km/kWh), serial regenerative braking (19.3 km/kWh), and parallel regenerative braking (19.5 km/kWh). This modified braking strategy could increase the mileage by about 4.16% km/kWh higher than the full mechanical braking [19]. Enlarging the capacity of the battery pack is also a possible solution to extend the range of BEVs.…”

Energy Management System Design for Good Delivery Electric Trike Equipped with Different Powertrain Configurations

“…The maximum available torque (T mmax ) is calculated using Equation 12: Figure 6. Schematic of the braking force distribution of serial and parallel configuration for a rear-wheeled vehicle [19].…”

“…The power which goes out of the battery can be calculated using Equation 15 [19]. The first term is for power, which is due to the voltage (U b ) and current that goes out of the battery (I b ), and the latter is the power dissipated due to the internal resistance of the battery (R b ).…”

“…To calculate the battery state-of-charge, the amount of charge (Q) in the battery at each time step (t) needs to be known. Using Equations (19) and 20, the battery's state-of-charge can be calculated:…”

“…For example, Hmidi et al were modeling the system and implementing the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), which aims to minimize fuel consumption in hybrid vehicles [18]. Another study was performed by Islameka et al in which they compare the full mechanical, serial, and parallel braking strategies simulated on the WLTC Class 2 driving cycle [19]. The result indicates that the use of serial braking systems produces the greatest efficiency compared to parallel and full mechanics braking systems.…”