Influence of Breastfeeding on the State of Meta-Inflammation in Obesity—A Narrative Review

Abstract

Obesity has become an emerging health issue worldwide that continues to grow in females of reproductive age as well. Obesity, as a multisystem and chronic disease, is associated with metabolic inflammation, which is defined as chronic low-grade systemic inflammation mediated by, i.a., adipose tissue macrophages. Lactation has been proven to have a beneficial influence on maternal health and could help restore metabolic balance, especially in the state of maternal obesity. In this review, we aimed to analyze the influence of breastfeeding on chronic low-grade meta-inflammation caused by obesity. We performed a comprehensive literature review using the PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar electronic databases. For this purpose, we searched for “metabolic inflammation”; “meta-inflammation”; “obesity”; “breastfeeding”; “fetal programming”; “energy metabolism”; “postpartum”; “immunity”; “immune system”; and “inflammation” keyword combinations. While the clinical impact of breastfeeding on maternal and offspring health is currently well known, we decided to gain insight into more specific metabolic effects of adiposity, lipid, and glucose homeostasis, and immunological effects caused by the activity of cytokines, macrophages, and other immune system cells. Further research on the immunological and metabolic effects of breastfeeding in obese patients is key to understanding and potentially developing obesity therapeutic strategies.

Substance P Concentration in Gestational Diabetes and Excessive Gestational Weight Gain and Its Impact on Neonatal Anthropometry

“…Programming can have an immediate effect or manifest itself later in life. The molecular background of the programming includes alterations in the epigenome, cell proliferation, and differentiation, but also gene expression, structure, and function [3,4]. It has already been proven that fetal programming influences, among other things, brain development [5], risk of neuropsychiatric disorders [6], glucose-insulin metabolism [7], and cardiovascular pathologies [8].…”