Influence of calcium sulfate crystal size on the curing time of single superphosphate

Cekinski, Efraim; Thomassin, J M

doi:10.1007/bf00210221

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…It is known that chemical reactions within the granule continue proceeding long after the granulation during the curing. 32 The reactive products formed can significantly affect the long-term storage properties of the granules, such as caking. The formation of ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl) has been reported to be a major cause of the granule caking in compound fertilizer due to the ammonium chloride forming crystal bridges between the adjacent particles.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stable NPK granules were stored at room temperature (23 °C) and a relative humidity of 50%. It is known that chemical reactions within the granule continue proceeding long after the granulation during the curing . The reactive products formed can significantly affect the long-term storage properties of the granules, such as caking.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carnallite-Derived Solid Waste as Potassium (K) and Magnesium (Mg) Source in Granulated Compound NPK Fertilizers

Sharma

Brigaitytė

Honer

et al. 2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Principles of green engineering require that material inputs are renewable. To this regard, a partial or a full substitution of one of the feedstocks with the waste from other industries can minimize the environmental impacts. Potash rock is a source of a key potassium (K), but its environmental impacts, including land use and greenhouse gas emissions during the mining and beneficiations, are of concern. Carnallite rock is used to electrochemically produce elemental magnesium (Mg) and yields solid sludge waste with K2O content of ∼43% and Mg content of 2.0%.This carnallite-derived waste is characterized physically and chemically and utilized to manufacture compound NPK fertilizers. The mesoporous waste material structure was found which facilitated the wet granulation process in spite of low 6 m2/g measured surface area. Trace metal concentrations measured were low and did not pose significant limitations from the regulatory point of view. Several high-K2O-content fertilizer formulations were proposed and granulated using both laboratory and industrial wet granulation in a rotary drum. Large K2O amount from the carnallite processing waste, up to 10 times that from mined KCl, was utilized in these fertilizers. The sustainability impact of the overall process was assessed by evaluating the averted greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when carnallite-derived waste was substituted for potash rock. It was found that up to 5000 t of CO2/year per 100 000 t/year NPK 10-20-20 fertilizer can be avoided if waste is used rather than the potash rock.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carnallite-Derived Solid Waste as Potassium (K) and Magnesium (Mg) Source in Granulated Compound NPK Fertilizers

Sharma

Brigaitytė

Honer

et al. 2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Additionally, after 30 days of storage, the final product contained 15.90% nitrogen (9.20% urea and 6.70% ammoniacal), 16.00% P 2 O 5 , 16.10% K 2 O, 5.50% sulfur, 0.40% MgO, and 0.60% CaO, showing that no loss of the nutrients happened. However, it is known that chemical reactions within the granule continue proceeding long after the granulation for up to 30 days (so-called product curing ). The products formed can significantly affect the long-term storage properties of the granules, such as caking.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid and Solid Compound Granulated Diurea Sulfate-Based Fertilizers for Sustainable Sulfur Source

Baltrušaitis

Sviklas

Galeckiene

2014

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Design and manufacture of high nitrogen content sulfurcontaining fertilizers is of crucial importance in sustainable food and energy crop production. The availability of large elemental sulfur amounts in oil refining and natural gas processing facilities, in combination with decreasing sulfur deposition into soil from natural and anthropogenic sources in a bioavailable sulfate form, calls for innovative engineering solutions that bridge this gap via sustainable sulfur processing. Diurea sulfate-based liquid and compound solid granulated fertilizers were synthesized in this work, and their resulting physicochemical properties were determined. First, phase compositional information on the 2CO(NH 2 ) 2 ·H 2 SO 4 −CO(NH 2 ) 2 −H 2 O ternary system was measured, and high nitrogen content, ∼15:1 N:S ratio liquid fertilizer grades, were established. Next, diurea sulfate granulation experiments using (i) dolomite, (ii) byproduct material after the phosphoric acid extractive production, CaSO 4 ·0.5H 2 O, and (iii) dolomite combined with diammonium phosphate, (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , and potassium chloride, KCl, were performed. Using diurea sulfate, 16−16−16−5.5(S)−0.4(MgO)− 0.6(CaO) compound granulated fertilizers were successfully obtained, and time-resolved changes in their crystalline phase composition during granule curing were monitored using XRD. The granule crushing strength measured increased to 3.800 MPa within the 30 day storage thus resulting in high quality fertilizer material.

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Influence of calcium sulfate crystal size on the curing time of single superphosphate

Cited by 2 publications

References 4 publications

Carnallite-Derived Solid Waste as Potassium (K) and Magnesium (Mg) Source in Granulated Compound NPK Fertilizers

Carnallite-Derived Solid Waste as Potassium (K) and Magnesium (Mg) Source in Granulated Compound NPK Fertilizers

Liquid and Solid Compound Granulated Diurea Sulfate-Based Fertilizers for Sustainable Sulfur Source

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