Influence of changes in foot morphology and temperature on bruised toenail injury risk during running

Song, Yang; Cen, Xuanzhen; Sun, Dong; Bíró, István; Mao, Zhuqing; Fang, Yufei; Gu, Yaodong

doi:10.1038/s41598-024-51826-w

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The demographic data of the subjects were: height, 165.8 ± 8.4 cm; age, 27.0 ± 7.3 years; and weight, 56.0 ± 7.9 kg, BMI: 20.3 ± 1.7 kg/m 2 (mean ± SD). Based on the ball-kick test and habitual rearfoot striking, all participants were confirmed as right-leg dominant for the test ( Song et al, 2024 ). Moreover, all participants had no lower limb or foot musculoskeletal injuries at least 6 months before the experiment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plantar pressure gradient and pressure gradient angle are affected by inner pressure of air insole

Haris,

Jan,

Liau

et al. 2024

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Clinically, air insoles may be applied to shoes to decrease plantar pressure gradient (PPG) and increase plantar gradient angle (PGA) to reduce foot ulcers. PPG and PGA may cause skin breakdown. The effects of different inner pressures of inflatable air insoles on dynamic PPG and PGA distributions are largely unknown in non-diabetics and people with diabetes. This study aimed to explore the impact of varying inner air insole pressures on PPG and PGA to establish early mitigation strategies for people at risk of foot ulcers. A repeated measures study design, including three air insoles (80 mmHg, 160 mmHg, and 240 mmHg) and two walking durations (10 and 20 min) for a total of six walking protocols, was tested on 13 healthy participants (height, 165.8 ± 8.4 cm; age, 27.0 ± 7.3 years; and weight, 56.0 ± 7.9 kg, BMI: 20.3 ± 1.7 kg/m^2) over three consecutive weeks. PPG, a measurement of the spatial variation in plantar pressure around the peak plantar pressure (PPP) and PGA, a variation in the gradient direction values at the three plantar regions, big toe (T1), first metatarsal head (M1), and second metatarsal head (M2), were calculated. This study indicated that PPG was lower at 80 mmHg air insoles after 20 min of walking in the M1 region (p = 0.010). The PGA in the M2 increased at an air insole of 80 mmHg compared to 240 mmHg (p = 0.015). Compared to 20 min, the 10 min walking duration at 240 mmHg of air insole had the lowest PPG in the M1 (p = 0.015) and M2 (p = 0.034) regions. The 80 mmHg air insole significantly lowered the PPG compared to a 160 mmHg and 240 mmHg air insole. Moreover, the 80 mmHg air insole significantly decreased PPP and increased PGA compared to the 160 mmHg and 240 mmHg air insole. A shorter walking period (10 min) significantly lowered PPG. The findings of this study suggest that people with a higher risk of foot ulcers should wear softer air insoles to have a lower PPG, as well as an increased PGA.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plantar pressure gradient and pressure gradient angle are affected by inner pressure of air insole

Haris,

Jan,

Liau

et al. 2024

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…Toe injuries, such as bruised toenails or subungual hematoma, are prevalent in distance running [9,[11][12][13][14][15]. These injuries often stem from the repetitive impact of long-distance running, leading to nail thickening, subungual debris accumulation, and subungual hemorrhage, which manifest as acute and painful nail discoloration, significantly impacting runners' training and performance [12,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toe Box Shape of Running Shoes Affects In-Shoe Foot Displacement and Deformation: A Randomized Crossover Study

Zhu,

Song,

et al. 2024

Bioengineering

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Background: Long-distance running is popular but associated with a high risk of injuries, particularly toe-related injuries. Limited research has focused on preventive measures, prompting exploration into the efficacy of raised toe box running shoes. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of running shoes with raised toe boxes on preventing toe injuries caused by distance running. Methods: A randomized crossover design involved 25 male marathon runners (height: 1.70 ± 0.02 m, weight: 62.6 + 4.5 kg) wearing both raised toe box (extended by 8 mm along the vertical axis and 3 mm along the sagittal axis) and regular toe box running shoes. Ground reaction force (GRF), in-shoe displacement, and degree of toe deformation (based on the distance change between the toe and the metatarsal head) were collected. Results: Wearing raised toe box shoes resulted in a significant reduction in vertical (p = 0.001) and antero–posterior (p = 0.015) ground reaction forces during the loading phase, with a notable increase in vertical ground reaction force during the toe-off phase (p < 0.001). In-shoe displacement showed significant decreased movement in the forefoot medial (p < 0.001) and rearfoot (medial: p < 0.001, lateral: p < 0.001) and significant increased displacement in the midfoot (medial: p = 0.002, lateral: p < 0.001). Impact severity on the hallux significantly decreased (p < 0.001), while impact on the small toes showed no significant reduction (p = 0.067). Conclusions: Raised toe box running shoes offer an effective means of reducing toe injuries caused by long-distance running.

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“…Prolonged running activities are well-documented to cause tissue damage and material deterioration due to the cyclical submaximal loading nature. If left unaddressed, these issues may eventually lead to foot injuries and subsequent pain 8 – 11 . To mitigate the risk of running-related foot injuries, it is crucial to consider design features in running shoes that can modify tissue damage accumulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Curved carbon-plated shoe may further reduce forefoot loads compared to flat plate during running

Song,

Cen,

Sun

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Using a curved carbon-fiber plate (CFP) in running shoes may offer notable performance benefit over flat plates, yet there is a lack of research exploring the influence of CFP geometry on internal foot loading during running. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of CFP mechanical characteristics on forefoot biomechanics in terms of plantar pressure, bone stress distribution, and contact force transmission during a simulated impact peak moment in forefoot strike running. We employed a finite element model of the foot-shoe system, wherein various CFP configurations, including three stiffnesses (stiff, stiffer, and stiffest) and two shapes (flat plate (FCFP) and curved plate (CCFP)), were integrated into the shoe sole. Comparing the shoes with no CFP (NCFP) to those with CFP, we consistently observed a reduction in peak forefoot plantar pressure with increasing CFP stiffness. This decrease in pressure was even more notable in a CCFP demonstrating a further reduction in peak pressure ranging from 5.51 to 12.62%, compared to FCFP models. Both FCFP and CCFP designs had a negligible impact on reducing the maximum stress experienced by the 2nd and 3rd metatarsals. However, they greatly influenced the stress distribution in other metatarsal bones. These CFP designs seem to optimize the load transfer pathway, enabling a more uniform force transmission by mainly reducing contact force on the medial columns (the first three rays, measuring 0.333 times body weight for FCFP and 0.335 for CCFP in stiffest condition, compared to 0.373 in NCFP). We concluded that employing a curved CFP in running shoes could be more beneficial from an injury prevention perspective by inducing less peak pressure under the metatarsal heads while not worsening their stress state compared to flat plates.

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Influence of changes in foot morphology and temperature on bruised toenail injury risk during running

Cited by 4 publications

References 43 publications

Plantar pressure gradient and pressure gradient angle are affected by inner pressure of air insole

Plantar pressure gradient and pressure gradient angle are affected by inner pressure of air insole

Toe Box Shape of Running Shoes Affects In-Shoe Foot Displacement and Deformation: A Randomized Crossover Study

Curved carbon-plated shoe may further reduce forefoot loads compared to flat plate during running

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