Influence of contaminated drinking water on perfluoroalkyl acid levels in human serum – A case study from Uppsala, Sweden

Gyllenhammar, Irina; Berger, Urs; Sundström, Maria; McCleaf, Philip; Eurén, Karin; Eriksson, Sara; Ahlgren, Sven; Lignell, Sanna; Aune, Marie; Kotova, Natalia; Glynn, Anders

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.05.019

Cited by 99 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…PFHxS was one of the substances found in high levels in the drinking water; consequently, ongoing PFHxS contamination could explain the absence of a decrease in concentrations in that area. 45 In contrast, decreasing trends (1995-2010) for FOSA, PFOA and PFOS concentrations were reported in human serum from Uppsala 40 consistent with our observations in milk and with the phase-out by 3M.…”

Section: Temporal Trendssupporting

confidence: 39%

Inter-individual, inter-city, and temporal trends of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Swedish mothers between 1972 and 2016

Nyberg

Awad

Bignert

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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Inter-individual, inter-city, and temporal trends of 19 per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated in human milk collected in Stockholm (1972Stockholm ( -2016 and Gothenburg (2007Gothenburg ( -2015, Sweden. Overall these data indicate that exposure to some legacy PFASs via breastmilk is declining, presumably as a result of regulation and phase-out initiatives. However, increasing concentrations for other PFASs and a shift in the overall PFAS profile in recent years may pose an ongoing health risk to infants. Environmental signicancePer-and polyuoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are anthropogenic substances which contaminate human blood globally. In breastfed infants, human milk is among the most important sources of PFAS exposure. Characterizing PFAS levels and time trends in breast milk is therefore important for assessing risks to infants. In the present work, we analyzed 19 PFASs (plus branched isomers) in human breastmilk from Stockholm (1972Stockholm ( -2016 and Gothenburg (2007Gothenburg ( -2015 and examined inter-individual and inter-city differences, along with temporal trends using change-point detection. Overall, concentrations, proles, and interindividual variability were similar in milk from Stockholm and Gothenburg. Concentrations of long chain peruorinated carboxylic acids and peruorohexane sulfonate increased in human milk from Stockholm over the entire monitoring period, while for others PFASs, such as peruorooctane sulfonate, concentrations have decreased signicantly over the last 10 years. These changes probably reect increased manufacturing/use for some PFASs, and international phase-out initiatives and regulation for others. Transformation of PFAA-precursors and/or differences in half-lives may also play a role in inuencing the observed trends for some PFASs. Given infants' sensitive developmental stage, the occurrence of PFASs in breastmilk is a concern, in particular for those substances displaying increasing time trends over the last decade.

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Section: Temporal Trendssupporting

confidence: 39%

Inter-individual, inter-city, and temporal trends of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Swedish mothers between 1972 and 2016

Nyberg

Awad

Bignert

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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show abstract

“…Thus, PFHxS data from Uppsala should not generally be extrapolated for a larger area. Women living outside of Uppsala [88], nevertheless, showed a significant increase (approximately doubled) of PFHxS in serum when comparing samples from 1996 to 1999 to samples from 2008 to 2011; but this result should be treated with caution due to only two time points. Three Swedish dietary items (milk, eggs, farmed fish) showed no evidence of an increasing trend for PFHxS, and concentrations in eggs actually decreased significantly between 1999 and 2010; no trend was detected in milk or farmed fish, but these datasets had low power [99].…”

Section: Pfhxsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Nevertheless, our analysis of the Glynn et al data [62] detected a change point in 1998, when concentrations increased approximately tenfold in the subsequent 12 years. However, as described above for PFHxS, Gyllenhammar et al [88] case study in Uppsala strongly suggests that the increasing trend for PFBS in people from Uppsala was due to contamination of drinking water by firefighting foam. Although our independent analysis of the data could not show a significant increase between the two time points (based on data extractable from the paper), a high rate of change was observed.…”

Section: Pfbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increase of PFHxS, however, was concluded to be due to a drinking water supply that had been contaminated by firefighting foams beginning in the 1990s [88]. Thus, PFHxS data from Uppsala should not generally be extrapolated for a larger area.…”

Section: Pfhxsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although our independent analysis of the data could not show a significant increase between the two time points (based on data extractable from the paper), a high rate of change was observed. Moreover, the detection of elevated PFBS in drinking water in and around Uppsala [88] means that human PFBS data in Uppsala are not likely representative of other geographic locations.…”

Section: Pfbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review

Land¹,

Wit²,

Bignert³

et al. 2018

Environ Evid

167

122

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Background: There is a concern that continued emissions of man-made per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may cause environmental and human health effects. Now widespread in human populations and in the environment, several PFASs are also present in remote regions of the world, but the environmental transport and fate of PFASs are not well understood. Phasing out the manufacture of some types of PFASs started in 2000 and further regulatory and voluntary actions have followed. The objective of this review is to understand the effects of these actions on global scale PFAS concentrations.Methods: Searches for primary research studies reporting on temporal variations of PFAS concentrations were performed in bibliographic databases, on the internet, through stakeholder contacts and in review bibliographies. No time, document type, language or geographical constraints were applied in the searches. Relevant subjects included human and environmental samples. Two authors screened all retrieved articles. Dual screening of 10% of the articles was performed at title/abstract and full-text levels by all authors. Kappa tests were used to test consistency. Relevant articles were critically appraised by four reviewers, with double checking of 20% of the articles by a second reviewer. Meta-analysis of included temporal trends was considered but judged to not be appropriate. The trends were therefore discussed in a narrative synthesis.

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A review of contamination of surface-, ground-, and drinking water in Sweden by perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)

Banzhaf

Filipovic²,

Lewis

et al. 2016

Ambio

187

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Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are found in aquatic systems, flora, and fauna worldwide. These potentially harmful compounds are also frequently detected in Sweden and have already resulted in severe problems for public drinking water supply, i.e., some wells had to be closed due to high PFAS concentrations both in raw water and produced drinking water. Knowledge on PFAS occurrence in Sweden is still quite low, although monitoring is currently ongoing. This work describes potential sources for PFASs to enter the drinking water supply in Sweden and compares different occurrences of PFASs in raw and drinking water in the country. Moreover, the monitoring history, the legal situation, and remediation actions taken are presented. Finally, future challenges and the way forward in Sweden are discussed.

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Influence of contaminated drinking water on perfluoroalkyl acid levels in human serum – A case study from Uppsala, Sweden

Cited by 99 publications

References 40 publications

Inter-individual, inter-city, and temporal trends of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Swedish mothers between 1972 and 2016

Inter-individual, inter-city, and temporal trends of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Swedish mothers between 1972 and 2016

What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review

A review of contamination of surface-, ground-, and drinking water in Sweden by perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)

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