“…In recent years, various methods have been employed for constructing surrogate model, including polynomial response surface (PRS) [15], support vector regression (SVR) [50], Kriging [11], radial basis function (RBF) [46], artificial neural networks (ANN) [12,10,28], multivariate adaptive regression [49], and random forests [2,3], etc. Building upon this foundation, numerous studies have explored the distinctions between these models and the scenarios in which they are best suited [1,9,14,41], contributing to their widespread application across various engineering domains.…”