Influence of cryogenic cooling rate on mechanical properties of tool steels

Mazor, G.; Ladizhensky, Izhak; Shapiro, Alexander

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/244/1/012005

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Researchers have been skeptical about the process because it imparts no apparent visible change in the material and the mechanism is also unpredicted [2]. Deep cryogenic treatment in the range −125 to −196 • C improves certain properties beyond the changes obtained by ordinary cold treatment [3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Property Improvement of Subzero/Cryogenic Heat Treated Camshafts made of 8620H, 16MnCr5 and 100Cr6 Steels

et al. 2019

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Several types of camshafts that made of 8620H, 16MnCr5 and 100Cr6 steel were subzero/cryogenic heat treated and the effect of these heat treatment parameters such holding duration and temperature on the microstructure, retained austenite volume ratio and hardness. 8620H and 16MnCr5 grade camshafts were carburized at 925 • C in endogas atmosphere (20% CO, 40% N2, 40% H2) for 1440 min. At the end of carburing process the diffusion temperature was decreased to 840 • C, which is the austenizing temperature, and held for 90 min. Next the samples were hardened in oil at 60 • C (held for 30 min). Samples were subzero treated at −100 • C for 210 minutes and were tempered at 185 • C for 120 minutes. The microstructure was revealed that the subzero/cryogenic heat treatment increased the hardness up to 62 HRc and increased the wear resistance of camshafts surface. The decrease in the retained austenite ratio was observed from 25% to 5-10% after cryogenic heat treatment. All of steels the hardness values were increased with the transformation of retained austenite into martensite. This increase is the result of the transformation of martensite from retained austenite and the carbide precipitation mechanism. In this study, the wear strength values of the hardened camshaft have been brought from the level of 2.2851 mg to 0.5239 mg and SEM analyzes were performed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Property Improvement of Subzero/Cryogenic Heat Treated Camshafts made of 8620H, 16MnCr5 and 100Cr6 Steels

et al. 2019

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“…The application of cryogenic treatments to metals has recently been recognized as an effective method to increase the "wear resistance" and reduce residual stresses in tool or die steels (Paulin, 1993;Das et al, 2009;Yan and Li, 2013;Mazor et al, 2017;Ptačinová et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2019) and, unlike surface modifications and coatings, it is an economical, one-time permanent process that affects the interior phase structure of steels. A cryogenic treatment is an additional process to conventional heat treatments a is used in steel samples that contain retained austenite to promote its transforamtion to martensite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this process, the samples are cooled below room temperature, held at this temperature until a microstructural phase transformations takes place, and then heated back to room or tempering temperature (Pillai et al, 1986;Das et al, 2010). In applications with a cooling temperature in the range of -125 to -196 °C, defined as deep cryogenic processes, certain material properties have been improved beyond the results achieved by the cooling process at higher temperatures below room temperature (Collins and Dormer, 1997;Yen and Kamody, 1997;Kalsi et al, 2010;Mazor et al, 2017). Certain materials properties result from the formation of very small carbides dispersed in the tempered martensitic structure as well as the complete transformation from austenite to martensite (Paydar et al, 2014;Villa et al, 2014;Jurči et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistencia al desgaste y rendimiento durante procesos de extrusión a escala industrial de los aceros 100Cr6 y 21NiCrMo2 sometidos a tratamientos criogénicos

KARACA

Kumruoğlu

2022

revmetal

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Se ha investigado los efectos de diferentes parámetros de tratamiento térmico y criogénico como la temperatura y el tiempo de mantenimiento sobre la microestructura (cantidad de austenita retenida) y la dureza de moldes de extrusión producidos a partir de los aceros 21NiCrMo2 y 100Cr6. La matriz de extrusión del acero 21NiCrMo2 se cementó durante 22,5 h en una atmósfera de gas (25% CO, 35% N2, 40% H2) a 920 °C. Al final del proceso de cementación, la temperatura se mantuvo a 850 °C, que es la temperatura de austenización, durante 2 h, seguido de enfriamiento en aceite a 80 °C, permaneciendo en aceite durante 45 minutos. No se realizó este proceso de cementación para los moldes de extrusión fabricados con el acero 100Cr6. En este acero solo se llevó a cabo el tratamiento de austenización a la temperatura de 850 °C (manteniendo durante 2 h). Los moldes de acero que se fabricaron con aceros los 21NiCrMo2 y 100Cr6 se trataron posteriormente de manera criogénica a -120 °C durante 2 h y, posteriormente, se templaron a 150 °C durante 1,5 h. Como resultado del tratamiento criogénico, la dureza del acero 21NiCrMo2 aumentó hasta los 840 Hv y mejoró la resistencia al desgaste de la superficie de la matriz de extrusión. La cantidad de austenita residual disminuyó del 20% al 6% después del tratamiento criogénico. Por efecto del proceso criogénico, la dureza superficial de la muestra de acero 100Cr6 aumentó a ~870 Hv, lo que supone un incremento del 4,5%, debido a la transformación de la austenita residual a martensita. La pérdida de masa durante el ensayo de desgaste de las matrices de extrusión endurecidas se redujo de 0,1420 mg a 0,0221 mg. El valor de resistencia al impacto medido en esta condición fue de 20 J. El acero 100Cr6 después del tratamiento criogénico se usó para extruir 12 toneladas de aleación de Al en una prensa industrial. Esta cantidad de material es un 30% inferior a la del acero para herramientas para trabajo en caliente. Por otro lado, el acero 100Cr6 es más económico y el tratamiento térmico es más práctico. El rendimiento durante el proceso de extrusión del acero 21NiCrMo2 fue un 50% inferior al del acero para herramientas de trabajo en caliente.

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“…Researchers had developed various setups for deep and shallow cryogenic setup for various heat treatment sequences. 29–46 A typical cryogenic setup is shown in Figure 3(b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of cryogenic treatment on properties of materials: A review

Singh

Pandey

2022

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E:

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The objective of this review paper is to introduce Cryogenic temperature effect on different properties of materials. Results showed that cryogenic operation improves properties like hardness, fatigue strength, tensile strength, toughness and resistance to wear in comparison to conventional operations. The improvement is a result of microstructural changes at cryogenic temperature which helps in conversion of austenite to martensite and carbide nucleation. The results also showed that doing tempering before or after cryogenic operation has significant influence on material properties which helps to achieve better carbide distribution. Different heat treatment sequences which involve tempering before or after Deep Cryogenic Treatment (DCT), provides varied results. Soaking time at cryogenic temperature also has an important role in refinement of microstructure and affect material properties.

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Influence of cryogenic cooling rate on mechanical properties of tool steels

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

Property Improvement of Subzero/Cryogenic Heat Treated Camshafts made of 8620H, 16MnCr5 and 100Cr6 Steels

Property Improvement of Subzero/Cryogenic Heat Treated Camshafts made of 8620H, 16MnCr5 and 100Cr6 Steels

Resistencia al desgaste y rendimiento durante procesos de extrusión a escala industrial de los aceros 100Cr6 y 21NiCrMo2 sometidos a tratamientos criogénicos

Effect of cryogenic treatment on properties of materials: A review

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