“…20 Enhancing the photocatalytic performance of SnO 2 has been a subject of study, with signicant improvements achieved through doping with transition metals or their oxides such as Cu, 21 Ni, Sb, 22 Co, Fe, and Mg. 23 This modication has been shown in the literature to inuence shis in optical absorption, elevate surface defect levels, increase the generation of surface oxygen vacancies, and impede charge carrier recombination. [24][25][26][27] Recently, rare earth (RE) metals have been explored as additives due to their interactive electron conguration, excellent catalytic properties and fast oxygen ion mobility, which tend to enhance the speed of degradation by making up for the shortcomings in the structure of the thin lms. These interesting materials involve a wide range of elements including Ce, 28 Y, 29 Tm, 30 Tb, 31 Nd 32 and Pr.…”